Mental Illness Is A Social Problem - 1501 Words

Mental illness is a health condition that affects an individual’s moods and thinking in a way that changes how that person relates to other people in society. The functioning of the affected person is also altered and usually results in the person failing to perform some of the daily activities that the person has previously engaged in. Mental illness can be considered a combination of both social and health complications, affecting the social life of the people who fall victim in many ways (Elliott Huizinga, 2012). There are some health complications that are also experienced with mental disorders. It is also important to note that medical attention forms part of the therapies that try to correct or control this condition. More recently most concern has been on the fact that mental illness is a major social problem in the world (Gonzalez Rosenheck, 2014). It has been reported that the number of people with mental disorder is increasing in our communities at an alarming rate. Environmental and social changes are among the most mentioned causes of the accelerating rate of mental illness in society (Hà ¤fner, 1985). Despite the prevalence, about one fifth of the adult population will battle with mental illness every year (Facts and figures about mental illness, 2014) and the acknowledgement of authorities mental illness is still given less attention then is needed to treat the problem successfully. Health bodies need to be putting more resources into this area asShow MoreRelatedMental Illness As A Social Problem982 Words   |  4 PagesMental Illness as a Social Problem Introduction Mental illness is a turmoil that is portrayed by unsettling influences in a man s idea, feelings, or conduct. Emotional instability alludes to a wide assortment of scatters, running from those that bring about gentle misery to those that impede a man s capacity to work in day by day life. Numerous have attempted to make sense of the purposes behind emotional instabilities. These reasons have been taken a gander at and considered for a great manyRead MoreMental Illness : A Social Problem1290 Words   |  6 PagesIntroducing Mental Illness The social problem I have chosen to write about is mental illness. This problem is important to talk about â€Å"because of the number of people it affects, the difficulty of defining and identifying mental disorders, and the ways in which mental illness is treated† (Kendall, 2013, p. 227). â€Å"About 57.7 million people, or one in four adults, in the United States suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder† (Kendall, 2013, p. 229). â€Å"Many of these illnesses begin in childhood orRead MoreMental Illness Is A Social Problem Essay1864 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will analyse the statement â€Å"Mental illness is a social problem†. This essay will discuss the sociological perspective of mental health within the chosen concept of gender. The main aim of this essay is to discuss and debate ‘for’ mental illness is a social problem within the different gender roles. Gender is not only male and female, it also includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, transg ender and intersexual. In Australia there is a very large community of LGBTI. This concept will be analysedRead MoreSocial Problems Of Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, And Mental Illness818 Words   |  4 Pageswhole new understanding of different social problems. The variety of social problems presented introduced me to a couple of social problems I had not given much thought to before. It also surprised me that every person in the class knew at least one person that had been affected by a certain social problem. Through the solutions presented in these presentations, I have gained knowledge of I can personally help eliminate some aspects of different social problems. The three presentations I believedRead Morethis is a college paper on MENTAL ILLNESS AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM3884 Words   |  16 PagesTable of Contents I.Overview of Mental Illness A.Statistics and Aspects of Mental Illness .......................................p.1 II.Mental Illness in Depth A.Historical Background of Mental Illness .....................................p.4 B.Cost of Mental Illness in Society ..............................................p.6 C.Stigma of Mental Illness in Society ...........................................p.9 D.Treatment of Mental Illness as a Social Problem ..........................p.11 Read MoreVeteran Mental Illness and System Justification Theory1461 Words   |  6 PagesVeteran Mental Illness and System Justification Theory Rates of mental illness are rising among Veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. This social problem has had significant consequences, such as spikes in homelessness, unemployment and suicides in this population. Many argue there are too many barriers to mental health treatment in a society that stigmatizes mental illness and undervalues mental health care. Research supports this assertion, particularly within the Veteran population (Greene-ShortridgeRead MoreWhat Is The Mental Health? Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the mental health? Mental health embraces emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It has an effect on thinking, feeling, and acting. It also helps to define how people handle stress and make choices. Mental health is momentous through the stages of life, from childhood and adolescence via adulthood. In the life, if someone experience mental health problems, it has an effect on thinking, behaviour, and mood. Many causes contribute to mental health problems, containing: Life experiencesRead More The Social Model of Mental Illness Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe Social Model of Mental Illness The social model of mental illness emphasizes the social environment and the roles people play. Thomas Scheff maintains that people diagnosed as mentally ill are victims of the status quo, guilty of often unnamed violations of social norms; thus the label mental illness can be used as an instrument of social control. I agree with Scheffs analysis, and I strongly concur with the view Thomas Szasz takes on the notion of mental illness. Szasz argues that muchRead MoreArticle Review on Mental Illness Essay examples1007 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Stigma of Mental Illness.† It is a not new concept that people are consistently drawn to a labeling others with a stigma, and this article delves into how we as social workers can (unintentionally) either encourage that stigma or hinder it based on the presentation to the client and to the public. A key point to the article talks about three kinds of potential ways stigma hurts a client. The first was being label avoidance. Many people do not want to admit to a mental illness, let alone getRead MoreVulnerable Populations - Human Services1683 Words   |  7 Pageslife to manage the illness. Examples of such illnesses are diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease. When discussing chronic mental illness, such diseases or disorders would be those that require ongoing treatment and care throughout much of the patients’ life. Examples would be schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, chronic anxiety disorder or attention deficit hyperactive disorder as well as many other specific forms of mental illness. Individuals suffering from chronic mental illnesses are part

Twa Task Free Essays

string(215) " provides IT facilities for the students use, the university has an assets of almost 3000 PC’s and three servers which are used in a daily basis which unfortunately are not used appropriately and efficiently\." All the University in the world are focusing on environmental protection and improvement [1]. We are living in an era of Industrialization. We are consuming a lot more products In our lives as compared to our ancestors; this is to improve the quality of life by saving time, facilitating ourselves and much more. We will write a custom essay sample on Twa Task or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of the world Industries are grown with certain pace and they have achieved maturity with the time. Then there are many environmental control authorities and regulatory authorities which enforce certain environmental protection laws upon them. But unfortunately as far as Environmental protection is concerned Information and Communication industry is growing at such a faster pace that such kind of controls re not fully implemented or observed by CIT industry[2]. This is a huge danger for the world environment. The main focus has mostly been upon competing with the competitors and introducing latest technology as fast in the market as possible. It is also consuming ever greater amounts of energy and is therefore the source of significant CA emissions. According to calculation IT now causes the release of as much carbon dioxide Into the atmosphere as nearly 320 million cars, worldwide IT help curb this alarming trend. Simply by consistently Implementing known energy- conserving approaches, the CA emitted by IT systems can be nearly halved Green IT† is what analysts, manufacturers and providers call all IT solutions that save energy at business organizations. These include hardware, software and services. Where hardware is concerned, energy-efficient desktop PC’s, thin-client architectures and data-center hardware offer answers, and so do energy supply and cooling systems[2]. In the software and service area, there is significant potential In fertilization, in solutions for dynamic capacity management and data-center planning, and in storage-system off shoring. You cannot purchase or order Green IT directly, but intelligent solutions re available that contribute to sustainability. And with the Increasing convergence of IT and telecommunications, It possible to take the Green concept a step further[3]. The positive approaches of Green IT need to be combined with solutions from the Green ‘CT. Green CIT extends to other, less commonly considered aspects of the entire life cycle. This includes experienced procurement, employee behavior, running data centers on sustainable generated energy, environmentally sound disposal of used electrical equipment, and as much recycling as possible. CIT is not intrinsically â€Å"green†, because it itself consumes energy and raw materials. But CIT can be leveraged to make business processes more energy-efficient[l]. The main focus has mostly been upon competing with the competitors and introducing latest technology as fast in the market as possible. So the preliminary part of the project share some challenges which CIT Environmental control is facing on creating a Green CIT environment in the University. The goals of this project is to introducing and promoting Green Information and Communication Technology in the university[2]. This step of the project would then easily be implemented in the industry and all over the world. Due to rapid increase in Communication and computing technology we tend to face a very big issue of regular advancements in technology and the older technology tends to grow obsolete. This creates a lot of waste material, as most of the University is not creating communication and computing technologies in a way that they can be recycled. Definitely there is a lot of competition in the market and it would increase the production cost of the industry which is focusing on recycling as well[2]. But we intend to Join hands with the environmental control organizations and regulatory authorities which are working to aka it a compulsion on industry to produce recycle able products. Then we will also focus that this industry must make low power consumption CIT products. Also in their manufacturing they must also work on reducing their power consumption by making their systems efficient. As it focusing on conserving energy and making environment better, it include the advantage of using CIT products in the environment for telecommuting[3]. Review :Current technology – Recently applied technologies which reduces CA A closer look at how CIT causes carbon dioxide emissions reveals two main culprits: University office desktop environments and data enters. Most of ‘CT-related CA emissions are caused by desktop computers and their monitors, and another by servers and cooling systems. We will therefore begin by discussing ways for Green CIT to reduce CA emissions in University office environments and in data centers[3]. Green CIT not only protects the environment by reducing the emissions emitted by CIT itself. When effectively and comprehensively applied, it can contribute much more. In University office environments, there is a long and established practice of replacing conventional means of communication with CIT applications. To a large extent, hardcopy letters (along with the corresponding paper consumption, transportation and logistics) have been replaced by e-mail and testing[l]. Further savings potential lies in the creation of electronic work processes. This includes digitizing, archiving and distributing documents by e-mail or uploading them to a website making them available for all downstream operations. This generates savings in terms of paper, energy consumption and CA. Today, innovative solutions are available for high-tech â€Å"pens† integrated digital process, saving process costs and preventing information loss[2]. Thin clients are much more energy-efficient than conventional desktop PC’s, reducing CA emissions and the cost of purchase and operation. Replacing a desktop PC with a thin client reduces the CA emissions of the desktop system. Thin clients are much lighter and more compact, and consist of fewer components – yielding benefits with regard to transportation, disposal, and consumption of materials. Green CIT can improve business processes that are not directly involved in ‘CT, and dramatically lower CA emissions throughout the process chain. It is here that its true potential becomes apparent that CIT now accounts for global CA emissions. But Green CIT can also help significantly reduce the CA emissions not caused by CIT[2]. Rationale and Systems Analysis According to the IT director of the University of Bradford, the campus provides IT facilities for the students use, the university has an assets of almost 3000 PC’s and three servers which are used in a daily basis which unfortunately are not used appropriately and efficiently. You read "Twa Task" in category "Papers" However, at peak times the students use around 1 500 PC’s, which basically is half of the PC’s of the university. So in order to avoid power loss, an assets management system will be designed and applied within the campus. On the other hand, university servers use up to 27. 1 % of the campus’s energy, so a new cooling system is already being installed in order to reduce the energy costs and the CA emissions. In addition to that, the estimation of the base load is around 20% of the energy which is considered highly utilized; a vast amount of the energy worn needs a major reduction as much as possible. Therefore, an investigation will be undertaken to identify different solutions which participate in the base load reduction . An initial plan will be designed to be employed within the campus. Since he students are considered a major contributor towards the energy usage. An awareness event will take place in the campus to help students understand the concept of the green technology. During this week simple energy efficiency programs will be undertaken. While the campaign is taking place the energy usage will be monitored and observed before and after the event. Currently the biggest problem rising is that the number of students enrolled in the university is around 15000 students and assuming 90% of the students have their own PC or laptop. So the idea of applying the cloud computing will save an enormous amount of money and at name time it will reduce the CA emissions. So the idea of cloud computing offers an efficient way of solving this problem. A model building will be chosen and modifications will be applied to this building, the energy usage of the building before the modifications will be compared to the usage after the modifications. The results will basically show whether its sufficient to apply them or not. Solution research 1) CIT devices can be made power efficient Each and every University office desktop offers opportunities to save energy. This involves both energy-efficient use of equipment ND the use of energy-efficient equipment. Even without deploying any new workers to change their habits. University policies can be developed and published making employees aware of how they can contribute through the use of hibernation mode and power-management software for hardware, duplex printing, and generally avoiding unnecessary printouts. The latest generation of energy-conserving desktop PC’s, thanks to their better power units, storage technology and processors can slash energy costs[2]. State-of-threat LCD screens and thin-client architectures offer further opportunities for savings. The consistent, enterprise-wide deployment of energy-efficient and cost-saving equipment is a major challenge. Outsourcing the entire office CIT landscape is one way to implement Green CIT – by minimizing the number of desktop computers and printers and maximizing their efficiency. University typically use a large number of, often different, devices for printing, faxing, copying and scanning. This complex landscape often leads to a lack of transparency, and there are often no accurate figures available on the total cost of operation[3]. However, the ratio of users to devices can be significantly improved by analyzing the rent infrastructure and actual user requirements: then changes can be made to the type, number and position of devices, ensuring better use is made of available capacity, and reducing stand-by and idle times. Thin clients are much more energy-efficient than conventional desktop PC’s. Thin clients are much lighter and more compact, and consist of fewer components – yielding benefits with regard to transportation, disposal, and consumption of materials. Just getting to and from the University office inflicts considerable burdens on the environment: millions of commuters spend hours every day on roads, spewing immense amounts of exhaust gases into the atmosphere[3]. 2) CIT manufacturing industries can save a lot of money CIT devices consume 80% of power of their whole life during their manufacturing in the industry. Only 20% of the power is consumed during their operational life and industry is more focused on saving some percentage of this 20% power. Indeed it is of key importance but we are more concerned about the 80% part as by deploying energy efficient machinery we can save a lot of cost, by conserving energy. Manufacturing of CIT devices consumes a lot of natural resources like fossil fuels, water and chemicals. And due to regular advancement in the CIT industry a device has a life cycle of one to two years hardly[2]. Then in becomes obsolete. This then leads to another problem, there is hardly any professional recycling process or method introduced by industry so that the precious chemicals, iron, copper and other materials used in manufacturing can be properly disposed or recycled to conserve energy and resources. Then instead of throwing away or recycling these products we can focus on manufacturing and introducing products which can support and handle future development[l]. They can be upgraded. Manufacturers can get back this extra cost on recycle able design by getting benefit from recycling. But they only face time limitations due to high competition level. However there are regulatory authorities which are now focusing on implementing environmental laws on CIT manufacturers[2]. PER, extended producer responsibility is a concept owe a lot of responsibility in protecting environment from the wastes of their industries, high energy consumption and much more. 3) Consumers can become a force, by purchasing recycle able and upgrade able product But we as consumers owe a good share of this responsibility. We must purchase those CIT products which are recycle able, which can be upgraded, which consume low power and which are made in an energy efficient environment. In the university we will introduce only those CIT devices which are up to the mark on above mentioned standards, so that there might not be any harm to the environment. Then we will do research on efficient energy consumption products. We will try to make devices which utilize very little energy [2]. Also we will focus on understanding the up gradation possibilities of less efficient industrial machinery in CIT industry. We must focus on the fundamental sign of the CIT products, because it is only at this stage that we can design devices which can be upgraded and recycled. We will try to limit as much as possible the use of toxic chemicals in the manufacturing of CIT products because if not recycled, these chemicals destroy our environment which is largely the case at this time. And we must understand that it is a global responsibility, this message from our research must prevail in the whole world[3]. We must try to educate people about the adverse effects of these bad practices of unjustly dumping CIT devices. IT devices and data enters in different organizations and our university as well consume a lot of energy and sometimes it is more than what is displayed on the devices due to older devices. Therefore power efficiency is now given key factor in calculating the efficiency of the data centers. Project Deliverables Increasingly, CIT solutions are used to support University processes. These solutions can streamline University processes and have enormous potential for reducing CA emissions, because they improve the utilization of resources and allow them to be shared. CIT also permits in-depth monitoring of energy consumption and CA emissions throughout the value chain, so University processes and organizational structures can be enhanced accordingly[2]. The potential savings are particularly great in University with extensive, complex supply chains. But CIT can also have a major impact on supporting processes, I. E. Via resource utilization in offices. In University with complex supply chains, efforts focus on reducing transportation. Intelligent transportation systems combine an array of applications to cut fuel consumption by up to 30%, in conjunction with much lower CA emissions – but with no loss in service quality. These systems are based on detailed, up-to-the- minute traffic information captured by an extensive network of IT devices and transmitted by telecommunications equipment. Route planners and navigation systems then calculate and continually update the best possible route for vehicles and payloads[3]. The aim is to minimize the distances traveled, and the corresponding time, fuel costs, and to a large extent, CA emissions. Other applications, such as precise satellite RIFF-assisted positioning solutions, enable more efficient utilization of entire vehicle fleets. These technologies can also be applied to water and air transportation; for example, streamlining airfreight operations could reduce fuel consumption by more than 10%. Racing systems, with nationalization through reduced charges, can encourage the use of low emission trucks[l]. Increasingly precise and realistic computer-aided simulation and design tools (CAD) are gradually eliminating or at least minimizing the necessity of physical prototypes. Here too, greater attention can be paid to software- aided energy-saving functions for users. At the level of the vehicles themselves, automatic start- stop functions briefly switch the engine off when the clutch is snagged. Many non-core, cross-industry processes can be positively influenced by ‘CT. Energy management is a particularly effective approach. Ideally, energy efficiency should be a key consideration from the outset, I. E. When planning and designing new offices and production facilities, giving rise to â€Å"smart buildings†. But innovative energy management systems can also be retrofitted at reasonable expense in existing buildings, adjusting the power consumption of lighting, heating and cooling systems in line with actual requirements. For private households, various providers re now developing smart metering and home management systems that comply with the EX. energy efficiency directive by identifying powering systems and opportunities for savings, and by influencing consumer behavior[2]. IT plays a key role in applications of this kind. In practically all businesses, paper consumption could be slashed by greater use of e-mail, e-billing and electronic archiving systems. Especially at large national and international organizations with central archives, automated workflow can dramatically accelerate processes by eliminating physical transportation and the associated traffic[l]. Currently, there are many data centers in the University. Green CIT could realize enormous savings in all of these data centers. Widespread use of state-of-the-art energy-efficient technologies and solutions, such as fertilization, could push the power consumption of data centers down to almost halving it in Just few years [2]. Another crucial factor is load. Servers in well-organized environments with UNIX machines operate at Just 35 to 45% of capacity; with Intel servers, the figure is even lower, at 15 to 30%. On average, only 25 to 40% of data storage capacity is used. Utilization rates an be considerably improved by consolidating servers, storage systems and entire data centers – saving a great deal of energy. Fragmented legacy data-center landscapes can be consolidated to Just a few data centers. Outsourcing often plays a major role. An IT service provider, for example, can operate a small number of large, efficient data centers that support multiple customer organizations [3]. It is also possible to make better use of data-center resources, for example, by fertilization and by deploying shared-services solutions. This involves creating logical systems that are independent of the underlying physical assets. Instead of being dedicated to specific purposes, resources are shared and therefore used more efficiently. The ability to intelligently assign and administer resources is a key function within any fertilization solution. It ensures maximum flexibility in resource allocation. When servers are only operating under part load they still consume nearly as much power as fully utilized ones. Fertilization makes it possible to shut down servers that are largely idle, maximizing savings. Another possibility is for enterprises to access networks. Servers can share resources, and state-of-the-art fertilization technology ND standardization can be leveraged to maximize utilization of existing hardware Project Timeline Comparison between the traditional building and the building after modification It is observed that by implementing new model energy-consumption savings at University is around 50% and by using different technology energy-consumption savings at University can be reduce to 25% in comparison to traditional model. Figure 1 : Comparison of Energy consumption between traditional model and new model Figure 2 : Comparison of Energy consumption between traditional model and different model Conclusion The issues of climate change and environmental protection have been debated for decades. Now they have become part and parcel of day-to-day business reality; Universities are accepting responsibility for the CA emissions they cause and are taking action. CIT has, in many ways, a vital role to play. It accounts for about two percent of global CA emissions, which must, and can, be curtailed. In addition, through the intelligent use of CIT solutions to support University processes in other Universities, it can help curb the other 98 % of emissions. The deployment of Green CIT makes a valuable contribution to protecting the environment. Many of the approaches presented in this paper are associated with lower costs, especially those that target energy consumption. They also improve a University image, and noticeably raise students and employee satisfaction. And as policymakers increasingly address climate change, new legislation and regulations on CIT can be expected in the near future. So Universities are well-advised to act now. Some approaches are already being practiced now. Every University has its own unique situation, and the first step should therefore be to analyze it. We have already ascribed possible approaches for University processes, data centers and office environments. Quick wins can be achieved by harvesting â€Å"low-hanging fruit†, for example by encouraging more energy-efficient use of office equipment or duplex printing. How to cite Twa Task, Papers

The Contemporary World of Community Organizations

Question: Discuss about theContemporary World of Community Organizations. Answers: Introduction Over and over again people have been found to belong to two or more communities, but this is changing in the modern world where communities have become more individualistic and as varied as its members (Salamon, et al, 2000). Some of the communities that we most often belong to includes business communities, educational communities, work communities, religious communities, sports and cultural communities. With that communities have been defined as the foundation that enable societies to make sense of the world they occupy, share experiences and participate in making the world a better place to live in. Therefore communities offers sense of belonging to, being part of and a purpose to live in this world (Hudson, 2009). The characteristics of community organization are as follows; having rules and regulation, being private, operate on nonprofit basis, involving some degree of voluntary commitment and the financing of these communities is more complicated than the profit and the governm ent organizations. These characteristics are elaborated further in the paper. The Contemporary World of Community Organizations Australia provides a good foundation of these study as community organizations have been given a good consideration in the region. This is because non-profit organizations in the region are among the many well-known organizations. Nonprofit organizations are many and diverse in Australia, but together they form a distinct and separate class of organizations. These organizations differs from the government organizations as they formulates their own rules and regulations (Hudson, 2009). To start with, the non-profit organizations are in themselves an organization. This means that all of them have regulations and guiding principles that govern their day to day activities. While majority of non-profit organization are not incorporated as they majorly rely on volunteering labour. Some of the non-profit organizations are integrated, meaning the cooperation is autonomous to its associate members (Jackson, Donovan, 1999). The large non-profit organization offering employment are a good exam ple of the integrated organizations. The non-profit organizations are categorized as private. This means that the non-profit are not directly controlled by the government. The government is only involved when such organization rely on the government to finance large part of the organizational operational revenue (Edwards, Yankey, 2006). The most important indication that shows that non-profit organization are not part of the government is that their action are not subject to the parliamentary scrutiny and are not subject to ministerial directions. Thirdly the non-profit organizations as the name suggests are non-profit making organizations. This should not be misunderstood with entirely not making any profit as it makes some surplus at the end of the financial year. If this were the case like any other private organization, the non-profit organization would cease to exist. The difference between the non-profit and the private organization is that, the non-profit organizations do not distribute the profit the company ac quires to its members at the end of financial year like the private organizations. Nonetheless, the main target of the organization is not to make an enormous returns (Hudson, 2009). The non-profit organization can be distinguished from the government and the private sectors as they involve some voluntary commitment of time by members of the non-profit organization. Some non-profit may employ people to provide labour, services and management but to some extent they still rely on voluntary labour (Craig, Mayo, 1995). Majority of non-profit organizations depend and rely entirely on the volunteering services to obtain labour for the organization. Another distinction of nonprofit organization from the private and government organization is that the non-profit are member owned organization. Schools and hospitals owned by religious groups like Catholic Church provides a good example of the exemptions whereby a non-profit is owned by a fellow non-profit organization. In this case the stakeholders to a school includes, the religious group which is Catholic Church, the pupils or students, the parents, the teachers and the non-teaching staff. Here the members expectation differs largely from the shareholders of the organization to an individual owner who expect to financially benefit from ownership of the school institution (Edwards, Yankey, 2006). Lastly the mechanism of financing a non-profit organization tend to bear some forms of complications as compared to a same size government or private organization. The funds running the organization are sourced from various sources including unrelated business ventures, donations from individuals and companies, returns on investments, government funding, and revenue from various fundraising events, and sponsorship (Lyons, 2001). As indicated above the non-profit organization differ from the private for profit in terms of obtaining their operational finances from a wider variety of sources while for profit obtain their day to day revenue from sale of goods and services. A group of non-profit still rely on third parties even though they provide services to the public. A few number of non-profits entirely depend on the government to provide them with fund to carry out their daily activities. Thus the difference is manifested in the source of income and the form in which this income is r eceived (Iriye, 2002). As highlighted above many non-profit organization globally lack of legal mandate which forms part of the challenges experienced by the nonprofit organizations. Despite the fact that lack of legal mandate may not be problematic for the small non-profit community organizations, this brings about a lot of challenges to the larger organizations that are involved in contracts, employ people as well as those that own property. As for the Australian government the non-profit have benefited as the government has provided an opening to allow integration. This is especially important because it prevents groups with intension of gaining profits and also indicates to all the importance of the non-profit. The Australian government has made an effort to encourage formation of the nonprofit organizations, whereby, in each territory groups of people come together to form an association (Lyons, 2001). Conclusion In conclusion, the non-profit organization for instance in Australia, offers a great deal of social, political and economic benefits to the country. This includes provision of education, health, community and other general public services to all community members. The aspect of the non-profit organization not being driven by the government nor desire for profits provide a good background that should be emulated and adopted by all nations in the globe. References Edwards, R Yankey, J 2006, Effectively managing nonprofit organizations, NASW Press, Washington. Hudson, M 2009, Managing without profit: leadership, management and governance in third sector organizations in Australia,UNSW Press, Sydney. Iriye, A., 2002. Global community: The role of international organizations in the making of the contemporary world. University of California Press. Jackson, A Donovan, F 1999, Managing to survive: managerial practice in not-for-profit organizations, Allen Unwin, Sydney. Lyons, M 2001, Third sector: the contribution of nonprofit and cooperative enterprises in Australia, Allen Unwin, Sydney, NSW. Craig, G. and Mayo, M., 1995. Community empowerment: A reader in participation and development. Zed Books. Salamon, L.M., Hems, L.C. and Chinnock, K., 2000. The nonprofit sector: for what and for whom?. Johns Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies. Taylor, M., 2007. Community participation in the real world: opportunities and pitfalls in new governance spaces. Urban studies, 44(2), pp.297-317.

Entertaining/ After Dinner Speech Essay Example

Entertaining/ After Dinner Speech Paper After Dinner Speech Thank you for your most appreciated attendance to this dinner gathering, for thus making this gathering a possibility. Being young there are many things you could be doing at this moment but hey, then you would not get the opportunity to get the fine food offered here, and who does not love a good meal. I wish I ate like this daily, feels like thanksgiving! I know you are probably tired of lectures, after spending most of your life listening to teachers, but I know you can spare a few minutes to listen to some words of wisdom. Even after much reference to the works of tutors on speech presentation such as Bowden (2000), I still do not have much luck with those. I might humor you in a different way than you expect where you might end up laughing at my lack of humor than the abundance of it, do not say you were not warned. This dinner was more of a moment for sharing with each other, rather than presenting a lecture, which I know most of you cannot appreciate now. Young people face a lot of stress these days, yet few people take the time to acknowledge what they go through, and help them cope with all the pressure. I know that I certainly need someone to talk to about the stresses and pressures of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Entertaining/ After Dinner Speech specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Entertaining/ After Dinner Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Entertaining/ After Dinner Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I believe technology has played a vital role in the modern student’s life, and few of you can survive without your tweets and updates. It makes learning and interactions easier, creates, and increases job. This has helped us get more time to share with our friends. Let us use this technology as a way to unburden our emotions, and share our feelings with others. It always helps to unload problems. Let us not use technology to add more stresses. Life is all about balance and moderation. When we learn how to live in moderation, we will not have as much stress as we are facing. As we leave this place, if not with anything else, let us leave with the zeal to view life as a field of opportunities, with the mentality that all situations can be turned into a goldmine, or better, a diamond mine. Cheers.

Huckleberry Finn and the Subject of Slavery

'Huckleberry Finn' and the Subject of Slavery The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain was first published in the United Kingdom in 1885 and the United States in 1886. This novel served as a social commentary on the culture of the United States at the time, when slavery was a hot-button issue addressed in Twains writing. The character Jim is Miss Watsons slave and a deeply superstitious man who escapes from his captivity and societys constraints to raft down the river. This is where he meets Huckleberry Finn. In the epic journey down the Mississippi River that follows, Twain portrays Jim as a deeply caring and loyal friend who becomes a father figure to Huck, opening the boys eyes to the human face of slavery. Ralph Waldo Emerson once said of Twains work that, Huckleberry Finn knew, as did Mark Twain, that Jim was not only a slave but a human being [and] a symbol of humanity...and in freeing Jim, Huck makes a bid to free himself of the conventionalized evil taken for civilization by the town. The Enlightenment of Huckleberry Finn The common thread that ties Jim and Huck together once they meet on the riverbank - other than a shared location - is that they are both fleeing from the constraints of society. Jim is fleeing from slavery and Huck from his oppressive family. The disparity between their plights provides a great basis for drama in the text, but also an opportunity for Huckleberry to learn about the humanity in every person, no matter the color of skin or class of society they are born into. Compassion comes from Hucks humble beginnings. His father is a worthless loafer and mother is not around. This influences Huck to empathize with his fellow man, rather than following the indoctrination of the society he left behind. In Hucks society, helping a runaway slave like Jim was the worst crime you could commit, short of murder. Mark Twain on Slavery and the Setting In Notebook #35, Mark Twain described the setting of his novel and the cultural atmosphere of the south in the United States at the time The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn took place: In those old slave-holding days, the whole community was agreed as to one thing - the awful sacredness of slave property. To help steal a horse or a cow was a low crime, but to help a hunted slave, or feed him or shelter him, or hide him, or comfort him, in his troubles, his terrors, his despair, or hesitate to promptly to betray him to the slave-catcher when opportunity offered was a much baser crime, and carried with it a stain, a moral smirch which nothing could wipe away. That this sentiment should exist among slave-owners is comprehensible - there were good commercial reasons for it - but that it should exist and did exist among the paupers, the loafers the tag-rag and bobtail of the community, and in a passionate and uncompromising form, is not in our remote day realizable. It seemed natural enough to me then; natural enough that Huck and his father the worthless loafer should feel it approve it, though it seems now absurd. It shows that that strange thing, the conscience - the unerring monitor - can be trained to approve any wild thing you want it to approve if you begin its education early and stick to it. This novel wasnt the only time Mark Twain discussed the horrendous reality of slavery and the humanity behind each slave and freed man, citizens and humans deserving of respect the same as anyone else. Sources: Ranta, Taimi. Huck Finn and Censorship. Project Muse, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. De Vito, Carlo, Editor. Mark Twains Notebooks: Journals, Letters, Observations, Wit, Wisdom, and Doodles. Notebook Series, Kindle Edition, Black Dog Leventhal, May 5, 2015.

Science Research Paper

Science Research Paper Science Research Paper Science Research Paper: Making a Discovery! As a rule, students who study sciences often write science research papers. What should you do if you get such an assignment? The purpose of writing of a science research paper in a certain scientific discipline is to express some new ideas in the sphere of research in this discipline. So, you should make some suggestions, put forward some theory or hypothesis, make some discovery or present some innovations. Besides, your ideas should be proved by some experiments, observations or calculations. Thus, your science research paper should have some practical application and, hence, make some contribution in the development of science. Science Research Paper Should Be Informative So, if you have something to say to the scientific community, get down to writing of a science research paper. But pay attention: such a paper should be written properly. So, if you have some questions, the following tips will be helpful for you. Become a real re searcher! You may reach success in paper scientific write only in such a way. What does it mean? You should have a look inside the studied issue; make the deep analysis of it. So, research your paper topic. In this situation the key element of your success is interest. You should be interested in the issue you are going to investigate. It goes without saying that your ideas (hypotheses, innovations and others) cannot appear from nowhere! They should be based on the previous investigations. So, you should provide the strong basis for your ideas. For that purpose you should study different scientific works on the topic. That will help you make your ideas sound convincing. All your ideas should be put in the logical order. So, make an outline before writing your science research paper. State the main points that will be highlighted in your paper. Point out the parts your science research paper will contain. Do not forget that each of them should be focused on a certai n point but all of them should be interrelated. Your science research paper should be written in a certain format. You should discuss all the requirements with your tutor. Of course, there should be no mistakes in your paper. Any of them will spoil the general impression that your research will make on your audience. So, you should re-read your paper for several times before submitting.So, this is the main information you should keep in mind if you need to write a science research paper. If you face any difficulty, you are welcome to contact us for help!

Fine Jewelry Brand Lorraine Schwartz Research Paper

Fine Jewelry Brand Lorraine Schwartz - Research Paper Example Since she is a unique designer since she has the creativity by combining precious stones and gems like exceptional black or blue topaz diamonds, colorful jades, pink gold, sapphire, serpentine, ruby, titanium, and others to come up with an exceptional masterpiece. Her designs include engagement rings, watch, bracelets, necklace, and rings for men, women, and children. She has also managed to fit together gold in a mesh-like cloth that twists giving you contours of the body. She has taken advantage of the experience gained by her family’s predecessors, for example, she says most of her designs and creativity makes her look like those of her late mother. Lorraine E. Schwartz Inc. is the company name based in New York. The jewelry business has been part of her family for three generations but then it operated as a small business in Manhattan’s diamond trade. When compared her family business back then and hers now, she has a larger business. She took the family business in 1989 after the death of her mother, renamed the company to Lorraine Schwartz Diamonds & Fine Jewelry, and made Bergdorf Goodman the only place for selling her designed works by appointment (Cheftreks, 2013). Her breakthrough came when Hale Berry wore her designer jewelry at the SAG Awards in 2002. Since then she has been the favorite of top celebrities like Angelina Jolie, Beyoncà © Knowles, Jay-Z, Pharrell Williams, Cate Blanchet, and many others. She loves to create unique pieces from bold and rare stones using amazing artistry and styles. For instance, in 2012, she created some particular pieces all of which were so different yet made by the same person within a short period. For someone to perfect this kind of profession and master the art it takes a generation and Lorraine Schwartz proves to this. Schwartz believes in designing and earns her acclaims from merit, unlike other designers who have to pay celebrities in order to wear their jewels. She  does not also vie for a spot in the red carpet events by offering her designs as gift bags.  

Inerrancy and Infallibility of the Bible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Inerrancy and Infallibility of the Bible - Essay Example Also, there are some who are only nominally members of these faiths, and although they may or may not have a faith in God, their belief in the truth of the scriptures may be incomplete or absent. Others are prepared to accept general truths such as that Jesus was a good man, but would find it much more difficult to accept that he was the promised Messiah, the Saviour of the world. There are many misapprehensions. Many people believe that the Bible was written in a chronological way, but upon examination, this assumption falls flat. The epistles, especially those of Paul, for instance, were written down before the dates of the Gospels, yet follow them in modern Bibles. The minor prophets such as Malachi and Zephaniah are simply gathered together in order of size, rather than any chronological order. 1 When it comes to early books of the Bible it must be remembered that stories would have in the first instance been passed on by oral tradition i.e. passed on a word by word down the gene rations. Abraham did not carry stone tablets out of Ur. His story was written down much later. This does not take away or add to their validity as historical documents. According to the introduction to the Book of Genesis by Youngblood2, within the last 200 years Bible scholars have managed to distinguish 4 different threads within Genesis i.e. document U which include Yahweh , the personal name of God; E, Elohim , a generic name for god, D for a Deuteronomic source, and P for a priestly source. These scholars believe that the documents date from the 10th to the 5th century BC. So some later writer has brought together many different sources into a coherent whole. Thesis The Bible is not a history or scientific text and does not claim to be so. It is inspired by an infallible God, ( 2 Timothy 3 v 16)3 but put together by man, who is fallible. But because it is said to be inspired by God, as far as points necessary for salvation and man’s relationship with God the Bible is inf allible. Method This thesis will be explored by considering various Biblical passages as well as certain historical instances. The Bible Record. On this topic, Paul, writing in Ist Corinthians, one of the earlier New Testament documents, said:- We have not received the spirit of the World but the Spirit which is from God, that we may understand what God has given us. This is what we speak, not in words taught by the Spirit, expressing spiritual truths in spiritual words.4 Not all the words in the Bible were recorded in written form immediately after the events they record. For instance Matthew 28 v 12 and 13 record how the Sanhedrin paid off the guard, instructing them to say that the disciples had stolen the body. The evangelist then adds in v 15 ‘This story has been widely circulated among the Jews to this very day.’5 i.e. thus indicating a passage of sometime before the story was recorded. Nor was everything known recorded in the books now contained within the canon of scripture. After describing himself as an eye-witness to events by saying that he testifies to the things recorded John goes on to say:- Jesus did many other things as well.

Good vs Evil in King Lear Essay Example for Free

Good vs Evil in King Lear Essay Life will always bestow us with choices which we must wisely choose either a moral or immoral response to. Shakespeare exemplifies goodness and wickedness in King Lear. The play presents a powerful manifestation of loyalty, specifically through the characters Kent, Edgar, and Cordelia. Kent’s unrestricted loyalty to Lear remains stable throughout the play. He recognizes Lear’s tragic flaw and remains faithful, even after being banished. His reliability is further divulged when he attacks Oswald, Goneril’s loyal servant. Kent’s defensive actions result in him being placed in the stocks. This sacrifice adds to his loyal attitude of pursuing the King’s well-being and safety. Oswald is loyal to Goneril, and acts well as a contrasting character to Kent. They both share the attribute of loyalty; however Oswald’s loyalty is based on immoral decisions, while Kent’s is not. Following Lear’s death, Kent foreshadows that he too will pass on, reuniting himself with Lear. Furthermore, Edgar is betrayed by his evil, manipulative brother, and he is forced to disappear. Edgar’s goodness is displayed when he treats Gluocester with kindness, regardless of his father’s misjudgment. In addition, Edgar gives his father strength by saving his life making him believe a deity has saved him from jumping off a cliff. This renaissance causes Gluocester to think and act more wisely in future endeavors. Edgar and Kent’s morality and loyalty are not affected by their mistreatment provided by their superiors, which ultimately verifies them as accurate symbols of good. Cordelia is an exemplar for true virtue in her acts of forgiveness and loyalty towards her father. Lear, distressed by his beloved daughter’s response of â€Å"nothing† to his love test, banishes Cordelia and denies her any land and power. Lear turning his back on Cordelia foretells destruction, since she is one of the only people in Lear’s life that is loyal and express’s genuine feelings towards him. Furthermore, she foreshadows her death by returning to the kingdom to the aid of her father. She understands the dangers of returning, but despite these dangers she continues to emanate loyalty. Shakespeare delivers the existence of suffering through the presence of good and evil. Through Kent, Edgar, and Cordelia, Shakespeare has made it apparent that evil is unavoidable, yet virtue, loyalty, and forgiveness is rooted to everyone. It takes certain individuals to have the courage and power to be able to express these moral characteristics.

Jane Austins Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Jane Austin Pride Prejudice

Jane Austin's Pride and Prejudice Attitudes to love and marriage in the nineteenth century was very different from the comparatively liberal approach of today, and strict codes of etiquette were applied to Courtship for all but the lower classes of society. At the time of Pride and Prejudice, women's role was firmly in the home and the young ladies portrayed in this middle and upper class, occupied themselves with singing, playing the piano, sewing and other such accomplishments that would enhance their prospects of suitable marriage. Courtship was almost a formal procedure, and often engineered by parents, wishing a suitable match. Jane Austin demonstrates this when Bingley, a rich bachelor, is quickly drawn into the Bennett family on his arrival at Netherfield Park. The book also shows the intricacies of meeting and socialising the Bennett sisters with prospective suitors and the restraints of withholding any affection's until after an engagement. If a couple were to exchange gift, escort one another in carriages or touch intimately they were assumed, engaged. However, in Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austin also wishes to illustrate the desire of young woman to choice lifelong partners for love and compatibility, rather than arranged marriages which are set up for considerations of wealth and social standing. A lot of woman in these days were classed in gentry and were almost entirely dependant on men. However if a woman did not marry she relied financially on her male relatives. They were allowed, employment as a governess but this was viewed as an unsatisfactory way of life. If a woman was proposed to and rejected marriage she would keep the man's failure to herself. She might tell her ... ...d management"(Ch.19 p.319). Mary became more sociable "Mary was obliged to mix with the world" (Ch.19 p.319). Jane Austen has used humour to show us how silly some of the people were in Pride and Prejudice like Mrs Bennets obsession with marriage of her daughters, Mr Collins Pompous character and how Lady Catherine De Bough is so snobbish and nosy. Then she uses Views Of society and rituals of courtship to show the way people lived and to compare it to our lifestyles today. Finally she used Omniscient narrator to show us what the characters are really like and to express her views through them. Love and marriage was very tangled in those days because of strict rules. In the book however they overcame the obstacles of marriage, which changed all of them making them happy or unhappy, but Lizzy and Darcy were happy, as they loved each other very much.

A Global Overview of Water Situation

Chapter 1: Introduction1.0 BACKGROUND1.0.1 A planetary overview of H2O state of affairsWater is the most of import natural resources impacting human endurance. The H2O supply is a important factor in the economic activity of a state. Not merely the economic system but the safety of human public wellness and the environment( Yahya A. Shekha, 2013 ) are of import issues which are the pillars when supervising parametric quantities used in measuring H2O and effluent. This being said, half a billion people live in water-stressed or water-scarce states and by 2025 that figure will turn to three billion due to an addition in population( Hanjra and Qureshi, 2010 ). Furthermore, 2 million diarrheal deceases related to insecure H2O, sanitation and hygiene are monitored yearly ( WHO 2015 ) with Mauritius being ranked at the 117 topographic point ( World Health Rankings, 2011 ) .1.0.2Overview of the H2O situation/crisis in Mauritius [ R.JP1 ]Mauritius a tropical island of 1,261,208 people( Statistics of Mauritius, 2014 )is said to be fortunate plenty to hold sufficient H2O resources to get by with the current demand. However, it should be noted that a high proportion of the rainfall occurs during the summer months and cyclones.Thematic Working Group ( 2011 )explains that from a sum of 3900 Mm3of rainfall ; 2067 Mm3goes as surface overflow with 744 Millimeters3of it traveling to reservoirs, lakes and rivers while 9 % and 38 % are used to reload aquifers and are lost through evapotranspiration severally, therefore amounting the island’s utilisable potency to merely about 1300 Mm3, finally conveying the state in a H2O emphasis state of affairs. This is farther demonstrated byMekonnen & A ; Hoekstra ( 2011 )who put Mauritius at a degree of 74 % in the extremely water-scarce states that have a big external H2O dependence and besides by theUnited Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) Human Development Reportwhich stipulates that the H2O supply is of 1083 m3per individual per twelvemonth which is good below the criterion of 1700 m3per individual per twelvemonth.1.1 Water use and remedial for H2O scarceness in MauritiusMauritius really obtains fresh H2O from two resources viz.Surface H2O from 11 reservoirs,Groundwater from 350 boreholes taking H2O from 5 chief and 3 secondary aquifers.( Digest of Energy and Water Statistics 2012, Rageshwar Pokhun 2002 and V. Proag 2006 ) .Harmonizing toDigest of Energy and Water Statistics ( 2013 ), of the overall 888 Millimeter3of H2O used by the state ; 26 % is used by the domestic, industrial and touristry sector, 32 % by the hydropower Stationss while the major staying 42 % goes to the agri cultural sector. Not merely in Mauritius but from whatHanjra and Qureshi ( 2010 ), the dominant user of H2O is irrigated agribusiness which accounts for 80 % of the planetary H2O usage this is where the demand for effluent reuse has been prompted. Conventional effluent direction as explained byChin et Al. ( 2009 )adopts the ‘Mix-First-and-Separate-Later’ construct whereby the wastewaters approaches the features of greywater therefore doing the separation at beginning the manner out for better H2O quality.1.1.1The possible public-service corporation of domestic effluent at beginningDue to the major H2O crisis being felt worldwide and locally, an increasing involvement has been drawn to the onsite reuse of greywater as a method to decrease the overall H2O demand( Gilboa & A ; Friedler )and has already become platitude in H2O stressed states like Australia and Mediterranean( Revitt. et.al 2010 ). Knowing that Mauritius has merely 29 % of its population connected to sewer while the staying rely on on-site effluent disposal system( R. Joysury. et Al. 2012 ), the above would be a good enterprise in order to cut down the H2O demand in the state.1.1.1.1GreywaterGreywater is effluent from bathing tub, showers, kitchen sink s, rinsing machines and toilets and is worldly recognised as an alternate H2O beginning for non-potable utilizations( Couto, EA. et Al. 2014 ).Matos. et Al. ( 2002 )provinces that it is produced on a much higher volume and lower degree of pollution as blackwater therefore doing it a possible H2O resource option if gaining control before it reaches the cloaca.EPA ( 2002 )estimations greywater’s day-to-day coevals per capita to be 200 to 300 liters and stand foring 50-80 % of entire effluent at family degree( Aguiar do Couto. et Al. 2014 ) From research done byAmy Vickers ( 2001 )on H2O use in the domestic sector, it came to visible radiation that the indoor H2O use is 69 % while the out-of-door one is 31 % . From these 69 % , sing a individual household H2O conserving place, 8 chief classs are found viz. lavatory, showers, spigots, baths, dishwasher, apparels washer, leaks and other domestic public-service corporations in the proportions illustrated in figure 1.1. Figure 1.1: Pie chart demoing the mean indoor H2O usage in a conserving individual household place adapted from Amy Vickers ( 2001 ) This immense sum of H2O if treated can be considered for applications such as toilet/urinal flushing, irrigation intents, vehicle lavation, fire protection, boiler provender H2O, concrete production and saving of wetlands and is expected to cut down fresh H2O demand by 30 %( Jefferson. et Al. 2004 )hence bettering the H2O usage efficiency and could play a notable function in future H2O direction schemes( March & A ; Gual, 2009 ) .1.1.2The outgrowth of new eco-friendly intervention systemsBing biologically polluted, greywater represents a high healthful hazard in footings of spread of micro-organisms and needs biological greywater intervention engineering such as membrane bioreactor, revolving biological contactor or constructed wetland. In order to utilize greywater at its full usage, onsite intervention is compulsory, one eco-friendly, simple operation and care and low-priced option for effluent intervention in developing waterless and semi-arid states would be Constructed Wetlands ( CWs )( United States Environmental Protection bureau 1993, UN-HABITAT, 2008, Abdel-Shafy. et Al. 2009 ). When sing onsite greywater reuse, factors such as healthful, environmental and aesthetic quality demand besides to be expression after due to its propinquity to the general populace. Finally effectual disinfection system which are robust, inexpensive safe, low care and simple demand to be accomplished beforehand ( Friedler & A ; Gilboa, 2010 ) so as to run intoing H2O quality demands before usage. Harmonizing toJefferson. et Al. ( 2004 ), the H2O quality demands for each applications are geospecific nevertheless by and large consist of standards such as organic, solids and microbiological content of the H2O. In Mauritius, the quality demands for H2O reuse are given in the Environmental Protection Act of 2002. Throughout this thesis the relevancy of obtained informations will be compared with the criterion of wastewater for usage in irrigation of the environment protection ordinances 2003 ( Environment Protection Act, 2002 ) . As mentioned byMainon. et Al. ( 2014 ), both a suited intervention and disinfection units are recommended as preventative step for on-site greywater reuse.1.2PurposesIn this survey, we will look into two established oxidization methods for effluent disinfection which are chlorination and UV visible radiation radiation. Their single public presentations in extinguishing the public wellness hazards through quantitative analysis of pathogens indexs ( Entire Coliforms & A ; Faecal Coliforms ) in treated greywater arising from an onsite horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland ( HSSFCW ) of a individual family will be assessed. The disinfected H2O will be considered for reuse for non-potable intents such as irrigation and should stay to the criterions of wastewater for irrigation given in EPA 2002.1.3AimsThe aims are as follows:Design and building of an HSSFCW at a individual family degree.Monitoring of the Entire Coliforms and Faecal Coliforms in treated H2O from a HSSFCW.Measuring Cl and UV disinfection of the treated H2O.Statistical analyse of informations obtained from laboratory experiments and verify if the disinfected greywater meets the criterion of wastewater for usage for irrigation in conformity with EPA 2002.Proposing the least-costly method of disinfection that can be applied at a individual family degree.Thingss to add: The chief disbursals related to sewage services are capital cost, operation and care costs and the procurance of land. In this sense appropriate engineering should be low-cost ( capital cost ) have a low operation and care cost ( sustainability ) , be effectual in run intoing the discharge criterions ( efficiency ) give the least nuisance ( public acceptableness ) and be environmentally friendly. Therefore natural effluent intervention processes ( ie non-electromechanical, utilizing physical and biological procedures ) that are simple, low-priced and low care are preferred as appropriate options for conventional effluent intervention by any state but particularly in developing states in the tropical countries. ( Mburu. et Al, 2013 ) ( Vymazal, 2008 ) Constructed wetlands with horizontal subsurface flow have beed used for effluent intervention for more than 30 old ages. These effluent scope from domestic, industrial such as petrochemical, nutrient processing and distilleries among so much and agricultural sectors with each exhibiting BOD and COD removal above 60 % . Typical composing of municipal effluents BOD5: 220 mg/l Pod: 500 mg/l Toxic shock: 220 mg/l NH4-N: 25 mg/l NOX-N: 0 mg/l Norg: 15 mg/l TKN: 40 mg/l TP: 8 mg/l Pedescoll. Et Al, 2011 Low energy demands and non-specialised work force for works direction are among the most of import advantages of SSFCWs in comparing to conventional options such as the activated sludge procedures Chen et Al 2014 Due to climate alteration and population growing around 80 states and 40 % of the world’s population are sing H2O emphasis, both in footings of H2O scarceness and quality impairment. Wastewater renewal for direct and indirect utilizations is considered to be one of the options that could be used to relieve H2O deficits in waterless and semi-arid parts. Villasenor et Al 2013 One of the classical low cost engineerings for effluent intervention involves constructed wetlands. These systems consist of wetlands that are isolated from the environment around them and have effluent. Depending on the type of CWs, they are formed by different elements including macrophytes workss, a porous solid bed and a assorted population of micro-organisms in the signifier of biofilms. Water purification is achieved by a complex combination of natural physical, chemical and biological phenomena. One of the chief types of CWs is the horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland ( HSSF-CW ) in which H2O circulates through a porous bed of crushed rock on which macrophytes workss turn. Morato. Et Al, 2014 Water deficit in waterless and semi-arid countries such as the Mediterranean have prompted a demand for effluent intervention and subsequent reuse. Reclamation can be achieved through conventional intensive systems or natural, ecologically engineered interventions such as horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Depending on effluent type, some infective micro-organisms may be present and hence wastewater renewal processes with disinfection could be required. As enteric beings, most may non last and may besides be destroyed by predation. Water temperature, organic affair concentration and hydraulic conditions such as flow, aspect ratio and farinaceous media type are some of the most of import factors regulating happening and growing of feasible bugs in biofilms developed elsewhere. In general, most surveies on fecal micro-organism remotion in constructed wetlands merely describe entire and fecal coliform remotion. Research utilizing experimental, pilot and all-out constructed wetlands has shown that fecal coliform bacteriums inactivation normally ranges between 1.25 and 2.5 log units.

Management†Change Essay

Change is important to people because the world and most of the people are changing. If people do not take attention of it and refuse to change, they will be eliminated by the world. People who are fear or hesitate to change must try to step out and start to change now. People can overcome their fear of change by 3 steps; first, they must find out and confront the issues that cause them afraid of change. Then, keep your mind to think the opportunities instead of threat. After that, move on against the fear. In addition, managers must be patient to people in order for people have enough time to make any adjustment for them to adapt new things successfully. Listen to employees and counsels them with ease. To be succeeding in change, managers have to take a lot of issues into consideration. It may be hard for managers to implement change, but here are some suggestions to managers to implement change successfully. First of all, managers should have a good planning of change before they carry out. Queensland government (n. ) pointed out that successfully managing the complexity of change is virtually impossible without a robust plan that is supported by strong project management. Planning is help manager to be aware of what they want to achieve and how they going to achieve it. Secondly, managers should encourage participate. When anticipating making a change, get the team members who will be affected by that change involved early on, find out what make them afraid of change and find out the way to overcome their fear to support change (Stark, 2010). The key to change is to let go the fear—Rosanne Cash (Rick, 2011). To let go people’s fear, managers should often remind people that they are a team and nobody is alone. Managers should also let people understand clearly why they need to change; many people will resist change unless they see that the change is urgently needed and remind them the positive consequences of being change. Then, managers must be able to listen to people’s suggestion. When managers want to apply change, they should not only announce to the people. When managers intending to introduce change, the planning process should involve input from the workforce on the best way to implement the change. People ill be far more committed to the change if they see that their perceptions have been considered and with a sense of ‘ownership’ over ideas and concepts, they will embrace the change with open arms (Future prospect, n. d). Beside that, managers have to monitor the progress over time and make adjustment as necessary (Hamlin, 2011). Managers must make sur e that all the activities are helping the team change effectively otherwise, it is wasting time for people to put so much effort on activities that are not helping them to change. It will make people feel tired for changing and then lose the interest and motivation to involve in change. mployees’ right and control (Davidson et al. , 2009, p. 38). If managers change without consider politic, it may lead people hesitate of change. Thus, causes failure in change. Most of the authors agree that management is connected to another field, because in order for a manager to has a good management. Manager must understand from environment to human resources. Not only those fields which are mentioned above need to be considered, managers also need to consider about the philosophy, psychology and also anthropology According to American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Karmarkar, 2012, p. 1), â€Å"Management is the art and science of preparing, organizing and directing human efforts to c ontrol the forces and utilize the material of nature for the benefit of men. † It is consider as science because management problems can be approached in ways that are rational, logical, objective and systematic. Then, it also called as art because although managers try to be scientific as possible but they must make decision and solve problems on the basis of intuition, experience, instinct and personal insights (Davidson, Simon, Woods, Griffin, 2009, p. 21). Thus, people hesitate of change is not an issue that warrants examination only in the study of management, it also in science and art field. Management science has to learn from other fields in order to understand of what people do and why they do it. One of the fields can management learn from is Sociology (Management’s connection to other field of study for principles of management, 2008). Sociology is the study of people in relationship to their fellow human beings (Robbins et al. , 2011, p. 16). The problem of sociology that link to managers is the society changes such as globalisation and cultural diversity. During the days organisation is changing towards globalization, people who are lack of confidence to change in order to compete with others will hesitate to change. Further, different culture have different attitude in their work. For an example, traditional Chinese will think that changing company bring them risk or uncertainty. In general, managers mostly need to understand the affect of social forces in any consideration of management in that society (Davidson et al. , 2009, p. 37). Further, managers have to look into economics. Economics is concerned with the allocation and distribution of scarce resources (Robbins et al. , 2011, p. 16). Economic system and economic conditions are associated in management. During bad economic conditions such as economy recession or depression, most of the people are not dare to involve in any change because they will worry that they loss what they already hold in hand in this suffer period. Thus, managers have to look into the economic condition of that period to determine whether change can be done at that particular period and have an effective result in change. In addition, the relevant field with management is political science. Political are the government institutions, attitudes and policies that affect business (Davidson et al. , 2009, p. 37). Specific topics concern to political scientists include structuring of conflict, allocating power and manipulating power for individual self interest (Robbins et al. , 2011, p. 16). Government nowadays is increasing aware to organisation’s moral and legal responsibility, this forces affect management theory in planning, organisational design, Robert F. Kennedy once said, â€Å"About twenty percent of the people are against any change. † (Stark, 2010) Why people are so afraid of change? By reading the text, the reason that individuals dislike to change is because it will replaces the known with uncertainty, it requires people to do things out of habit, people fear of losing, disagreement with the necessity to change and limited tolerance for change (Robbins, DeCenzo, Coulter, Woods, 2011, p. 193). Besides all these causes, there are more reason about why individuals dislike or afraid of change. First of all, an individual may against towards all new things (Frank Calberg Service, 2007). For an example an individual maybe complaining or refuse to learn new things. People who dislike learning or accepting new knowledge will give a lot of excuse to escape changing by saying that they have no time, no money to pay to attend courses or training (Redman, 2012). Secondly, people are self doubt (Pratt, 2012). Usually people who are self doubt mostly named themselves not good enough, not smart enough, boring, unattractive, and unlikeable, self doubt can lead them to get defensive (Fox, Sokol, 2009). People who are in self doubt situation will defense themselves do not do others thing that they never try before because they don’t have enough confidence to change (Exposing fear of change, 2011). Further, individuals who are fear of change may because they afraid the bad experience in the past repeat in their life (Radwan, 2012). Individuals who had tried to change in their past but obtained a traumatic experience of change that haunts them will affect them feel so afraid of changing. However, Dr Swaim (2011) argued that people do not afraid of change. He claimed that if people afraid of change then how to explain that there is a big changes in election victory of a little known junior senator form Illinious, Barack Hussein Obama, whose 2007based on the slogan â€Å"change we can believe in†. In addition, a psychologist and life coach Dr Suzy Green (n. d) also argued that most of the people find change is scary is just an excuse. She also claimed that individual makes excuse is because they has low confident or failure in past of changing. Secondly, old habits of individuals is ingrained and it is hard to shake off the behaviors that been developed for a long time, she explained that the excuses people make when they are not ready to tackle their behaviors need to be turned around. The movie of The Queen focuses on individual’s change and it pointed out that change request individual to give up the comfortable ways of thinking and acting. Further, comfort zone is the external environment tends to be placid or at least changes are slow or predictable and it has the ability to change (Jarret, 2009, p. 44). In another word, individual is required to give up the habits they used to be in daily life. For individual to leave their comfort zone is sounds scary to them because it will make them feel anxious (Pawlik-Kienlen, 2007). Individual will feel anxious because they afraid of failure, afraid of new things, fear of criticism and fear of discomfort (O’Callahan, 2012). In addition, Jeffery Schwartz and Sharon Begley in the article claimed that it is hard near the core of brain if habits that a person form by training and experience. Further, brain use intense energy in processing new material, this process enquiry brain to work hard to match new material. Chris Berdik (2012) agrees by saying that evaluating every new experience in detail would be tough on our brains and it would hog energy and attention that could be better used elsewhere. Furthermore, accept new things require forming new connections within the brain, which results in greater conscious effort and attention on our part People need to do their work by writing down everything but nowadays everyone is using a computer or laptop to help them finish all theirs works without any delays. Further, nowadays more companies are trying to be globalisation instead of doing business within own country to earn more profit and individual who working in that particular company gets higher salary and maybe get a chance to fly. All these changes to people in an organisation are easily to be seen and it seems like bringing them a lot of benefits. So, is it can be concluded that changing is easy to be achieved for an individual and they love to change without any hesitate? It cannot be judged shallowly, we have to look deep inside before making a conclusion. A deeper discussion will be presented in the following literary works.

Free Essays on Meaning Of Thought

Can Descartes be certain that he is thinking? How? Can he be certain that he exists? How? (And who is he?) Descartes’ statement â€Å"I think therefore I exist† raises questions about the meaning of thought, the meaning of existence but most fundamentally, in what sense he can be certain. The difficulty in establishing the certainty of â€Å"I think† and â€Å"I exist† is that the two concepts are interrelated. Thus, for example, differing interpretations of what it is to think will have a profound impact on the question of whether Descartes can achieve the certainty of his existence. The success of his attempt to achieve certainty can be analysed in relation to how far he overcomes the universal doubt he has introduced in the first meditation. It is in this sphere of meaning that â€Å"I† becomes very relevant as it is possible to argue that his use of â€Å"I† demonstrates that his own interpretation of what is certain is partially based on intrinsically held beliefs. Williams describes the statement â€Å"I think† as indubitable. This is because â€Å"if anyone believes he is thinking or that he exists then necessarily he has a true belief.† Using the Cartesian method, the statement that â€Å"I think† is unique because it is the only premise that has the property of having its truth confirmed by the act of doubting it. Descartes demonstrates that he has found a statement that is not defeated by the possibility of a ‘malicious demon’ when he says â€Å"If I am in doubt, if I am entertaining the possibility that I might be deceived, then the very fact that I am around to entertain that doubt shows that I must exist†. Thus he is already assuming that his ability to entertain doubt, or â€Å"think† is certain, which based on the premise above, is a not unreasonable conclusion. Before further examining his assertion that he is thinking, the question of what Descartes means by thinking must be defined. In the simplest form, possible d... Free Essays on Meaning Of Thought Free Essays on Meaning Of Thought Can Descartes be certain that he is thinking? How? Can he be certain that he exists? How? (And who is he?) Descartes’ statement â€Å"I think therefore I exist† raises questions about the meaning of thought, the meaning of existence but most fundamentally, in what sense he can be certain. The difficulty in establishing the certainty of â€Å"I think† and â€Å"I exist† is that the two concepts are interrelated. Thus, for example, differing interpretations of what it is to think will have a profound impact on the question of whether Descartes can achieve the certainty of his existence. The success of his attempt to achieve certainty can be analysed in relation to how far he overcomes the universal doubt he has introduced in the first meditation. It is in this sphere of meaning that â€Å"I† becomes very relevant as it is possible to argue that his use of â€Å"I† demonstrates that his own interpretation of what is certain is partially based on intrinsically held beliefs. Williams describes the statement â€Å"I think† as indubitable. This is because â€Å"if anyone believes he is thinking or that he exists then necessarily he has a true belief.† Using the Cartesian method, the statement that â€Å"I think† is unique because it is the only premise that has the property of having its truth confirmed by the act of doubting it. Descartes demonstrates that he has found a statement that is not defeated by the possibility of a ‘malicious demon’ when he says â€Å"If I am in doubt, if I am entertaining the possibility that I might be deceived, then the very fact that I am around to entertain that doubt shows that I must exist†. Thus he is already assuming that his ability to entertain doubt, or â€Å"think† is certain, which based on the premise above, is a not unreasonable conclusion. Before further examining his assertion that he is thinking, the question of what Descartes means by thinking must be defined. In the simplest form, possible d...

A Famous South Indian Restaurant In The Uk Marketing Essay

A Famous South Indian Restaurant In The Uk Marketing Essay Mirch Masala, a famous south Indian restaurant in the UK started in the year 1995 in Norbury, establishing branches in Tooting in the year 2001, Southall branch in April 2004, Croydon and East London branch in 2005 and Ilford branch being the latest in February 2009, under the watchful gaze of its owner and founder, Mr. Riaz Hassan Sabir, 49. It bears the name of most basic ingredient of Indian cuisine. The specialties are karahi and barbecue dishes. All food is prepared fresh on the premises, which may explain the massive popularity, as it tastes so fantastic. Mirch Masala has a string of awards to its credit. The Norbury branch won a highly commended in the Croydon Guardian’s Restaurant of the Year awards and the Tooting branch won its region in the Tiffin Cup and has gone on to the national finals. Mirch Masala has been the winner of a number of UK restaurant awards, the latest being TOP 100 RESTAURANTS OF UK voted by EVENING STANDARD (AUG 2003). Business portfolio The ent ire business is build upon a horizontal integration, dealing only with restaurant business. Expanding its wings in the South London with a total of 6 branches, all branches approved by Halal Monitoring committee, UK. Having the same menu and same style of preparing the food in all branches is unique in Mirch Masala. Mission Statement â€Å"To provide customers the authentic taste of Indian cuisine and be the best in the Industry on a consistent level† Overview of Business Mirch masala started with the first branch in Norbury and succeeded over a period of time, developing further with 5 more branches to its profile. Having over six branches, Mr. Riaz Hassan Sabir enjoys reaping a good profit and delivers excellent services with good quality of food equally over all branches even though the branches are decentralized. Employees come from the same Asian background that has enough idea about Indian cuisine. The business comprises of over 60 employees in all the branches with sea ting capacity of 170 in Croydon branch, 320 in Ilford, 130 in Tooting, 160 in Norbury, 140 in Southall and 120 in East Croydon. Branches Norbury Restaurant 1416 London Road, Norbury London SW16 4BZ Tel: 0208 679 1828, 0200 765 1070 Email: norbury@mirchmasalarestaurant.co.uk Tooting Restaurant 213 Upper Tooting Road London SW17 7TG Tel: 0208 672 7500, 0208 767 8638 Email: tooting@mirchmasalarestaurant.co.uk Southall Restaurant 171-173 The Broadway Southall, Middlesex UB1 1LX Tel: 0208 867 9222 Email: southall@mirchmasalarestaurant.co.uk East London Restaurant 111-113 Commercial Road London E1 1RD Tel: 0207 377 0155 Email: eastlondon@mirchmasalarestaurant.co.uk Croydon Restaurant 40-42 Southend Road Croydon CR0 1DP Tel: 0208 680 3322, 0208-6809898 Email: croydon@mirchmasalarestaurant.co.uk Ilford Restaurant 7-13 Goodmayes Road, Goodmayes Ilford, IG3 9UH Email: ilford@mirchmasalarestaurant.co.uk SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool used to identify internal fa ctors such as strengths, weakness of a business and external factors such as opportunities and threats which should be addressed on the right time in order to be successful over a period of time. SWOT analysis of Mirch Masala Restaurant is identified and specified as follows. Strengths The exterior and interior of the restaurant is clean and tidy The quality and service of the restaurant has created a good brand image over a period of time

Communication Challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication Challenges - Essay Example The first challenge for communication to take place comes in when a communicator chooses the wrong communication channel. Channel involves the route or the method used to convey the message. A channel must be suitable to as many recipients who must have a way of encoding the message. A wrong identification of the intended audience by the communicator will mean a wrong channel and thus no communication. For instance, when a communicator intends to communicate to a large audience, he must choose a channel that accommodates that. It will be easier to broadcast the news of an upcoming urgent event on a radio or TV other than use written messages. On the other hand, complex information requires a written form of communication other than a verbal form. The second challenge or barrier to communication depends on the receiver of the message. Attitudinal barriers come about because of individual problems of the recipients. The relationship between team players can affect communication. For instance, personal conflicts between people in a team or in an office will hinder open communication, delay communication, or even make some employees refuse to communicate at all. In addition, poor management, lack of training, and employee consultation will lead to a dissatisfied and demotivated team. It is very hard to communicate to a team that is not motivated; they will encode what they want to hear. In the 21st century, communicators face the challenge of communicating to a tech-savvy team especially the younger generation.

International financial market - and- corporate risk management Essay

International financial market - and- corporate risk management - Essay Example The above equation evaluates the return on a risky asset in terms of (a) its minimum compensation and (b) its potential risk compensation. Within the thinking on modern portfolio theory, the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) establishes the theoretical relationship between risk and return, where average expected investor return is determined by the average market return, as shown below: ÃŽ ² represents market sensitivity. An investor can, hence, estimate returns (r) by understanding ÃŽ ², the risk inherent in the stock, when only the stock’s history is considered. In a well diversified portfolio, though, the volatility of the individual stock has little influence on the portfolio’s overall performance. Empirical data gathered in investigations of CAPM, however, argues against the predictions of the model and this has largely invalidated many applications of the model. Portfolio Theory is focused on investors. Two fundamental choices have to be made: what proportion of risky assets should be included in the portfolio; and asset allocation, which depends on the conservative or aggressive requirements of the investor. The theory of diversification allows lower standard deviations and variances of returns within a portfolio. Additionally, the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) suggests that the prices of assets fully reflect available information: the implication is that the market cannot be consistently outperformed, since future share prices cannot be predicted based on historical data (weak-form efficiency); share prices adjust immediately to all available information (semi-strong-form efficiency); share prices reflect public and private information (strong-form efficiency). Diversification suggests two subsequent approaches to the management of the portfolio: active management requires the selection of stocks and the timing of the market, whereas passive management requires the purchase and long-term

Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Vs. Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) Essay

Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Vs. Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) - Essay Example The model derived rate of return will then be used to price the asset correctly - the asset price should equal the expected end of period price discounted at the rate implied by model. If the price diverges, arbitrage should bring it back into line. The theory was initiated by the economist Stephen Ross in 1976.(Ross,1976) If APT holds, then a risky asset can be described as satisfying the following relation: Some commonly accepted factors are Business Cycle, Time Horizon, Confidence, Inflation, Market Timing, oil prices, term structure of interest rates, industrial production, default premiums etc. It has been shown that the empirical specification of the APT need not be unique.( Otuteye,1991) In other words, no one set of economic factors constitutes "the factors" of the APT. Any set of factors that fulfills the requirements of the returns generating process and the resulting linear relationship between expected returns and factor sensitivities will be an equally valid set of APT factors. However, there is a gradual consensus towards the use of some common factors. (Brown, Weinstein, 1983) The CAPM does not appear to adequately explain the variation in stock returns. Empirical studies show that low beta stocks may offer higher returns than the model would predict. Some data to this effect was presented as early as a 1969 conference in Buffalo, New York in a paper by Fischer Black, Michael Jensen, and Myron Scholes(Black et.al,1972). Either that fact is itself rational (which saves the efficient markets hypothesis(EMH) but makes CAPM wrong), or it is irrational (which saves CAPM, but makes EMH wrong - indeed, this possibility makes volatility arbitrage a strategy for reliably beating the market). The CAPM assumes that investors demand higher returns in exchange for higher risk. It does not allow for investors who will accept lower returns for higher risk. The model also assumes that all investors agree about the risk and expected return of all assets(Homogeneous expectations assumption). The model assumes unrealistically that asset returns are lognormally distributed, random variables. As a result, large swings (3 to 6 standard deviations from the mean) occur in the market more frequently than the normal distribution assumption would expect. These swings can greatly impact an asset's

Marketing Factors In Pepsi Cola Organisation

Marketing Factors In Pepsi Cola Organisation Company Background Pepsi Co is a world leader in convenient snacks, foods, and beverages, with revenues of $60 billion and over 285,000 employees. PepsiCo owns some of the worlds most popular brands, including Pepsi-Cola, Mountain Dew, Diet Pepsi, Lays, Doritos, Tropicana, Gatorade, and Quaker. Our brands are available worldwide through a variety of go-to-market systems, including direct store delivery (DSD), broker-warehouse, and food service and vending. PepsiCo was founded in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Tropicana was acquired in 1998 and PepsiCo merged with the Quaker Oats Company, including Gatorade, in 2001. Divisions Report operations results as follows, by six segments: PepsiCo Americas Beverages (PAB) Frito-Lay North America (FLNA) Quaker Foods North America (QFNA) Latin America Foods (LAF) Europe Asia, Middle East Africa (Investors/Corporate-Profile.html, 2010) I have selected the carbonated drinks industry for this report and discuss relative to the Pepsi under their industry conditions. International Business of Carbonated Drinks Industry Carbonated Drinks Market is growing High profitability and lack of barriers to entry led to the emergence of many new players in the market of carbonated drinks. Competition in the market is increasing and as a result profitability has been decreased by 15% in 2 years in the UK market. Company held the strategic analysis and decided to begin expansion to the new market. Companies are doing marketing researches in all geographical locations and try to find better new market for entry. Despite the presence of several competitors in the market the companies having chance to enter in to new locations and try to find grab predominant market share. The drinks market is attractive for the Pepsi Company because of its lowly competitive and having huge target audience throughout the UK. Company hopes to built there strong brand that will defend chosen market from penetration of new players and give the company profits at the higher level. The companys strategy involves building a strong distribution network in small satellite c ities in addition to the urban areas. Bad condition of the water from the municipal central water supply system and lack of prospects for their repair and modernization Unsuitable for drinking and cooking water supplied from municipal central supply system greats a high demand for pure drinking water purified populations. This situation is general for the whole country and its solution requires great financial cost. According to the current economic situation in the country the current situation is unlikely to be rectified in the next 10 years. The marker of pure drinking water is very big. Every resident should to consume every day about 2 liters of water, so the company considers a promising development of its activities in this market in the next 10 years. Therefore people trust the pureness of bottled carbonated drinks and avoid the bad effects of them. Growth by 15 times the tax on the production of drinking water / Carbonated Drinks in bottles from 1 may 2010 Carbonated drinks in bottles are substitute of water sold in the consumer packaging. Despite of its high price it has a raw of advantages such as Accessibility in every grocery in a city and Presented by famous brands. This drinks came directly as a response to public demand for pure drinking water and during that time became very popular in spite of price that 2-4 times higher than for drinking water sold in the consumer packaging. The introduction of the rule of this law will lead to the transition of customers to the consumption of water sold in the consumer packaging and persuade people to drink carbonated drinks due to the cost advantage. Improvement of technologies of individual water purification system and reducing of their cost This substitute is very popular in the market. Advantage of individual water purification systems is a possibility of their using directly at a consumer home by using water from the municipal central supply system. Cost of purification of 1 liter of water with the use such system is approximately equal of price of drinks sold in the customer packaging. However such systems have a number of weaknesses. Cheap models that cost about 10 USD purify water with a middle quality that significantly inferior to the quality of water purified by professional systems. It can be also dangerous for health to use such systems because delays in the replacement of filters can cause the user to use water with bacteria and viruses. Expensive individual purification water systems that give higher water quality comparable in quality with given by professional systems have high initial cost about 100-300 USD, that for considerable cost of UK populations in a monthly income. Also they dont purify water from bacteria and viruses. However cheap individual purification water systems are becoming more popular in the market. Companies should to develop response strategy for these substitutes. Because of all above factors the carbonated drinks market is still growing with huge industrial rivalry. The international business environment 2.1 Micro / Macro factors affecting to Pepsi in Globally SWOT Analysis Strengths S1 Experience in developing distribution chain in the industry S2 Experience in conducting promotion in the industry S3 Company provides strong control of servicing customers S4 Competitive and flexible pricing S5 High quality of water which is ideal for food that confirmed by certificates Weaknesses W1 Lack of natural drinks in the range of the company and specialized in carbonated drinks. W2 Company doesnt have service of delivering drinks to customers home W3 Difficulties in branding in the industry to heavy competition and should maintain promotions daily Opportunities O1 Growth by 15 times the tax on the production of drinking water in bottles from 1 may 2010 O2 Low prices for the rental of retail space and down wages, that allow company to cut cost O3 The market has a big potential of growth and now it is completed just for 30% O5 There is low competition in the chosen market O6 Bad condition of the water from the municipal central water supply system and lack of prospects for their repair and modernization O7 Growing concern of the population about their health O8 Development of vending technologies for selling pure drinking water O9 Severe pollution of water resources in the region Our strength S4 and S5 will help us to grab opportunity O1 and take some customers from segments of water in the bottles Our strengths S1 with opportunity O2, O3, O8 will help us to develop distribution chain in the city very quickly Our strengths S2, S3, S4, S5 with opportunities O3, O5, O6, O7, O9 would contribute to great sales of the company in the chosen market Weaknesses W1, W2 prevents us to fully utilize opportunities O3, O5, O6 Treats T1 Improvement of technologies of an individual water purification systems and reducing of their cost T2 The absent of barriers in the industry and low initiate investments attract new players T3 Expected growth prices by 10% for water from the municipal central water supply system that used by company for purification drinking water Our strengths S1 , S2 and S4, S5 will help us to minimize impact on the market The treat T1 Our strengths S1, S3, S4 will help us to minimize chances of new entrances to the market Opportunity O2 will eliminates treat T4 Weakness W2 with treat T1 can cut share of the industry in the market of pure drinking water. We need to develop promotion program that will stimulate population to use just quality water purred by professional systems Weakness W1 with treat T3 great opportunity for other companies to entry the market with offer of natural drinking water sold in the customer packaging and grab segment of the market. So company should initiate project of sales natural drinking water from own distribution chain for the segment of the market that want to drink just natural water 2.2 PESTEL Variable Factors Political and Legal Growth by 15 times the tax on the production of drinking water in bottles from 1 may 2010 Total corruption in the controlling state bodies Bad condition of the water from the municipal central water supply system and lack of prospects for their repair and modernization Economic Low prices for the rental of retail space caused by economic recession in 2009 Down wages, high level of unemployment Expected growth prices by 10% for water from the municipal central water supply system that used by company for purification drinking water Reduction in purchasing power of the population Socio-cultural Growing concern of the population about their health Negative attitude of population toward quality of water from municipal central water supply system Technological Improvement of technologies of an individual water purification systems and reducing of their cost Development of vending technologies for selling pure drinking water Ecological Severe pollution of water resources in all around the world 2.3 Porters 5 Forces Analysis Buyer Power is moderate: Bottling companies and retailers constitute the main buyers in the carbonated soft drinks market. The latter represents the most significant force yet despite their large size and concentration, it is the public that drives the market (heavy marketing campaigns and brand consciousness are a warrantee that popular products must be stocked, reducing the power of buyers). Although Pepsi does not do any bottling, the company owns about 36% of Pepsi Enterprises which is the largest Pepsi bottler in the world (Murray, 2006a). Since Pepsi owns the majority of the bottler, that particular supplier does not hold much bargaining power. Suppliers Power is moderate: Pepsi is dependent on suppliers for various ingredients and vulnerable to certain commodities price fluctuations. However, the availability of substitutes reduces their power. N.B: the advertising and marketing agencies represent key suppliers (very concentrated) but their power is moderate. New Entrants threat is weak: they face important barriers such as strong brand loyalty and substantial fixed costs. The nature of the market also demands an intensive marketing campaign in order to create and maintain a successful brand awareness and image. The difficulty in dislodging the main players of the market is linked to the importance of economy of scale which inevitably benefits current mass manufacturers. Substitutes threat is moderate: there are various substitutes such as alcoholic beverages, tea, coffee and non-carbonated soft drinks. But the diversity of public demand ensures that a wide range of products offered by Pepsi will be stocked by retailers. For many consumers, such products represent alternatives and not substitutes. Industry competition is a moderate force: with only a limited number of players, competition is lessened as each established competitor secures an important segment of the market thanks to strong branding and product differentiation. Coca Cola and Pepsi Co dominate the industry with strong brand names and great distribution channels. Forces Factors Threat of substitutes The individual water purification systems. The cost of water with the use of the individual water purification systems is approximately equal to the cost of water sold in the customer packaging. Cost of cheap purification systems sold at the supermarkets is low (about 10 USD), so its the easiest way for customer to have pure water directly at home. Drinking water in bottles. This water is available in any store in the city. Its price higher by 3-4 times than drinking water sold in the customer packaging. Small part of customers uses this water every day for drinking and cooking. Some companies specialize in supplying the offices of drinking pure water in bottles. This market is strong competitive. Threats of new enters Licences or any other special permission arent needed to entry the market. Initial investment to start business in this market is about 20  000 USD, so it is some easy to entry in the market. It is easy to organize distribution chain by setting up chain of outlets in a chosen area. It is low chances for new outlets to be opened near existing one, because owners understand that there much area is free in the market and strong competition will kill profits. Density of rivalry Industry is growing by 20-30% every year In the chosen market competition is low, existing sellers are getting super profits Brands arent developed at all. The companies havent differentiated their products in the minds of buyers because of low competition and havent provide any marketing events The market has a big potential of growth and now it is completed just for 30% The most important competitive advantage is a dense distribution chain Bargaining power of buyers Buyers are individual and amount of purchase is small, so buyers dont have significantly impact on prices. Buyers can easy switch on substitute products or on purchasing water from a competitor outlet if it is available in the nearest area. Product cost isnt significant for buyers, so their sensitivity to price isnt very big Buyers are sensitive to quality of product and to information about it Bargain of suppliers Producer of drinking pure water distribute it by own distribution chains and use water for purification from municipal water supply system International strategies of the company Strategies As for the growth strategy, I choose the Product Development strategy because decided to create a new product for existing customers and because it is a medium risk strategy. And for the competitive strategy, I choose the differentiation strategy because Pepsi is a very innovative company, the unique selling point being having a great Energy drink with the amazing taste of Coke Zero. It is costly but Coca is a multinational company and the leader in its market. STP Segmentation criteria: Market Size: UK, Males, Age: 15-35, Wage: , Students, Professionals, Sports People, Urban people. Targeting criteria: Influence, Strategic Fit, Disposable Income, and Reachable, likely to buy. Targets: Professionals and Sports People. Positioning: Sporty, Cool, Young, Adventure, Personality, Unique. Tactics Product Core Product: NRJ Coke Zero, satisfy the need of thirst and vitamins Second Product: (first added value): taste, design, quality, brand, innovation, Third: After sales, cool personality, differentiation, Why innovation: Rationale for my product development: Stay competitive in the energy drinks market Retain market share Trends NPD (New Product Development) Idea Generation and screening Business Analysis Market Testing Commercialise Price Price Elasticity: Perfect Elasticity: Intermediate pricing Place / Distribution Channels Indirect distribution because it allows more market reach, maximum availability of products, minimum costs of ownership and infrastructure. As a matter of fact, the targeted segments are very large (FMCG product). Unfortunately, there are some disadvantages such as the brand is diluted: the competitors can have a stronger power on retailers which might lead to less availability or lack of presentation and merchandising. Also commissions: The power of retailers may have adverse impacts on the companys margins and profits. Intensity of Distribution: Intensive Distribution: Prelaunch exclusive then intensive starting from the introduction stage. Integration of Distribution: Backward Vertical Integration: B2B: Upstream relationship (with suppliers: contracts, acquisition of suppliers and bottlers, mergers, joint ventures, strategic alliances). Forward Vertical Integration: B2B with retailers: Downstream. B2C: CRM, Mass Media, Loyalty cards, research. Pepsi collects information from the retailers, Promotion / Communication: Objectives: D Æ’Â   Differentiate 40% R Æ’Â   Reinforce the message 0% I Æ’Â   Inform 40% P Æ’Â   Persuade (call to action) 20% In the introduction stage, my main objectives are to inform and differentiate. Then develop a COMMUNICATION STRATEGY: PUSH: Pepsi Æ’Â   Retailer ( trade magazines, promotion, incentives) (25%) PULL: Pepsi Æ’Â   Customer ( TV advertising..) (25%) PROFILE: Pepsi Æ’Â   Retailers and Customers ( brand image, sponsor events, celebrity endorsement). (50%) because main CSF is strong brand image Develop Brand: Umbrella branding: NRJ Pepsi Zero Promotional Mix ABOVE THE LINE ( Mass reach, not customised) TV teaser, TV adverts, Radio, Press, Billboards BELOW THE LINE (Customised) Direct Marketing, Personal Selling, Sales Promotion THROUGH THE LINE (Cinema, fashion magazine, event sponsor,) Sponsorship Samples Exhibitions PR/ Publicity 2012 London Olympic Games 04. Effectiveness of the companys international strategies 4.1 Value Chain Analysis In Bound Logistics: Some of Pepsis most notable suppliers include Spherion, Jones Lang LaSalle, IBM, Ogilvy and Mather, IMI Cornelius, and Prudential. These companies provide Pepsi with materials such as ingredients, packaging and machinery. In order to ensure that these materials are in satisfactory condition, Pepsi -cola has put certain standards in place which these suppliers must adhere to (The Supplier Guiding Principles). These include: compliance with laws and standards, laws and regulations, freedom of association and collective bargaining, forced and child labor, abuse of labor, discrimination, wages and benefits, work hours and overtime, health and safety, environment, and demonstration of compliance (Pepsi Cola 2006). Process: Pepsi purchases its own ingredients through use of future contracts (to avoid market volatility) and produces its concentrate from its own facilities. Once this is done, these companies send their concentrate out to bottlers upon approval of contract for bottling company. Outbound Logistics: Once the bottling company receives the shipment of concentration, it is diluted to the correct concentration by adding the correct amount of carbonated water, and sugar, and bottled for sale. This is done for two reasons. One reason is so that Pepsi can maintain its exact mix of ingredients as a well-kept secret, and not let the bottling companies know what exactly goes into its product. This affects the image of the product, and preserves it as something of higher value, and actually applies a sense of prestige to the Pepsi products that are kept such excellent secrets. Pepsi operates by sending concentrate to bottlers, who then take the necessary actions, and ship out its products to consumers and vendors. Automation in technology in cash registers allows Pepsi and the bottling companies who bottle and ship the contents of each bottle to know exactly how much of their product the merchant is carrying. This allows for a quick delivery of more products for the merchant to sell in a nice and timely procedure. (Source: article VCA) JDA Software Group has announced that Pepsi Bottling Co. Consolidated, with 6,000 employees and $1.4 billion in annual revenue, has upgraded its JDA Software supply chain management solutions to Version 7.4, including JDA ® Demand, JDA ® Fulfillment and JDA ® Transportation Planning, all powered by Manugistics ®. Pepsi Consolidated expects to further improve forecast accuracy, customer service levels, order fill rates and on-time deliveries with the support of JDA Software. JDA Softwares Supply Chain Optimisation and Transportation Logistics Management solutions allow companies to respond rapidly to shifts in consumer demand, as well as manage, optimise and execute the strategic, operational and tactical business processes that transform the supply chain into a strategic differentiator. (Source: Forecasting Demand Planning). Sales Marketing: Marketing and Sales for Pepsi e is huge. Pepsi relies extensively on advertising and sales promotion in marketing its products. Pepsi Enterprises and TCCC have established a Global Marketing Fund, under which TCCC pays Pepsi Enterprises $ 61.5 million annually through December 31, 2014, as support for marketing activities. (Source: annual report). After Sales: David Johnston, JDA Software senior vice president of manufacturing and wholesale distribution, said, JDAs innovative supply chain solution enabled Pepsi Consolidated to achieve substantial inventory reductions while also delivering significant improvements in customer service levels. Additionally, sales from new product introductions improved greatly. More and more companies are focusing on achieving true supply chain optimisation excellence in a quest to deliver improved market responsiveness, better lifecycle management, optimised network-wide inventory levels, increased customer service levels, and reduced logistics costs. JDA Software has continually delivered innovation that provides manufacturers, wholesale distributors and retailers with unparalleled optimisation and visibility into the extended supply chain that enables them to delight their customers and shareholders alike. (Source: Forecasting Demand Planning). 4.2 7 Ps and 7 Ss 7 Ps STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES PRODUCT 1. Great Energy drink with the popular Pepsi Zero taste 2. Carbon drink 3. Enriched with vitamins 4. Innovation in products and packaging 5. Consumer and customer goodwill associated with the brand portfolio 6. Very strong brand awareness ensures that Pepsi popular products must be stored by retailers 1.Seasonality in the UK 2. The energy drinks are usually considered as unhealthy and too sweet 3.Competing with Red Bull which is the leader ( de loin) PRICE 1. Same price as Red bull 2. Affordable for Coke Zero consumers 3. Price package architecture (different pricing options) 1. Ingredients and packaging costs per case increase, as finished goods and increasing cost of sparkling beverage concentrate. 2. Same price as Red Bull but same taste as Pepsi, so needs to justify the price by insisting on the added vitamins and quality of Stevia sweetener. PLACE 1. Pepsi owns the largest beverage distribution system 2. NRJ Coke Zero will be available everywhere 3. Will benefit from the Pepsi existing and well established distribution channels 1. Changes in the relationships with large customers may negatively impact financial results 2. Disagreement among bottlers could lead to complicated negotiation with customers, suppliersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 3. Dilution of the Coke brand as it is sold in the retailers shelfs 4. Referencing challenge as it is a question mark product for the retailers PROMOTION 1. Heavy marketing and advertising campaigns 2. Heavy use of celebrity endorsement 3. Effective PR 4. TCCC is the official sponsor of the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in the UK 1. Expensive Marketing and Advertising campaigns 2. Expensive promotion as it is to inform and differentiate the product PEOPLE 1.Great customer service 2.Improved customer service through the implementation of a new selling system for smaller customers 1. The customer facing staff are not part of the TCCC personnel, their customer service is not homogeneous and dedicated to Pepsi 2. The staff are not expert of the new product and will not be able to sell it properly or explain its attributes to the final customers PROCESS 1. Constant innovation in the equipment and in supply chain infrastructure improvement 2. Very efficient supply chain, linking the retailers stocks to TCCC bottling partners directly for reordering 1.Long processes as it is a multinational 2. Long decision making process PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 1.Great vending, dispensing machines, coolers 2. Great head offices 3. Strong brand, trademark, Pepsi bottler, great packaging and design 4. Very comprehensive and well elaborated website 1. Variety of shops Recommendations for improvement The marketing plan takes the corporate objectives and communicates them into measurable outcomes. Piercy (2002) states that The real strategic problem in marketing is not the strategy it is marketing the implementation and the change (p166 CIM) Lack of skills An effective organizational structure and committed leadership is needed to deliver the marketing plan (CIM p166). Improving marketing skills in the company Presentation of operational proposal for addressing the : Lack of Resources A lack of sufficient financial budgets and people to support the required task needed to implement the plan. Time constraints can also affect the delivery of the plan. Organizational Culture The culture of the company could hinder the development of the marketing plan across the company. The existing shared values of the organizations. The established processes and company traditions can make departments resistant to change. Systems Internal Marketing Internal marketing and resource allocation will need to be planned to Ensuring people sell expected targets and Undertaking effective communicate brand images and ensure value based marketing Strategy not suitable for the business The strategy needs to be approved by Managing directors to determine its accuracy and Turbulent market environment The unpredictable changes in the market will make the marketing plan The inclusion of an contingency planning and benchmarking