Difference Between Data Warehousing And Data Mining Information Technology Essay

Difference Between Data Warehousing And Data Mining Information Technology Essay The information systems (IS) field is terms of key development can be called data warehousing in database environtment. Different organizations receiving different significant returns than others because its benefits are plentiful. The organization will have different types of returns in the impact of data warehousing . Each company can be tie the benefit to the way in which it conforms to the framework as it shows in the analysis . We will see how dan organization can be transformed by data warehouse, Analysis also showing the explaination of differences in impact. A large manufacturing company (LMC) involving case study of data warehousing, a financial services company (FSC) are presented and discussed within the context of the framework and the Internal Revenue Service. Keywords : Multidimensional modelling; Conceptual modelling; Time-series; Data warehouses; Data-mining Introduction Data warehouses are becoming part of the technology. Data warehouses are used to consolidate data located in disparate databases. A data warehouse stores large quantities of data by specific categories so it can be more easily retrieved, interpreted, and sorted by users. Warehouses enable executives and managers to work with vast stores of transactional or other data to respond faster to markets and make more informed business decisions. It has been predicted that every business will have a data warehouse within ten years. But merely storing data in a data warehouse does a company little good. Companies will want to learn more about that data to improve knowledge of customers and markets. The company benefits when meaningful trends and patterns are extracted from the data. Data mining, or knowledge discovery, is the computer-assisted process of digging through and analyzing enormous sets of data and then extracting the meaning of the data. Data mining tools predict behaviors and futu re trends, allowing businesses to make proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. Data mining tools can answer business questions that traditionally were too time consuming to resolve. They scour databases for hidden patterns, finding predictive information that experts may miss because it lies outside their expectations. Data mining derives its name from the similarities between searching for valuable information in a large database and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable ore. Both processes require either sifting through an immense amount of material, or intelligently probing it to find where the value resides. What is Data Warehousing Data warehousing is a collection of decision support technologies that enable the knowledge worker, the statistician, the business manager and theexecutive in processing the information contained in a data warehouse meaningfully and make well informed decisions based on outputs. The Data warehousing system includes backend tools for extracting, cleaning and loading data from Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) Databases and historical repositories of data. It also consists of the Data storage areacomposed of the Data warehouse, the data marts and the Data store. It also provides for tools like OLAP for organizing, partitioning and summarizing data in the data warehouse and data marts and finally contains front end tools for mining, quering, reporting on data. It is important to distinguish between a Data warehouse and Data warehousing. A Data warehouse is a component of the data warehousing system. It is a facility that provides for a consolidated, flexible and accessible collection of data for end user reporting and analysis. A data warehouse has been defined by Inmom (considered one of the founders of the Data warehouse concept) as a subject-oriented, integrated, time-varying, non-volatile collection of data that is primarily used in organizational decision making. The data in a data warehouse is categorized on the basis of the subject area and hence it is subject oriented Universal naming conventions, measurements, classifications and so on used in the data warehouse, provide an enterprise consolidated view of data and therefore it is designated as integrated. The data once loaded can only be read. Users cannot make changes to the data and this makes it non-volatile. Finally data is stored for long periods of time quantified in years and bears a time and date stamp and therefore it is described as time variant. The format of data collected are not always the same eventhough each of these systems collect data . So, the combination of all these data from all sorts sources that combined together to form a single data and the combination of database forming a single homogenous form is what we called data warehousing. The data is not only subject-oriented and integrated but also time-variant and non-volatile collection of data to support management in making decision. 1) Time-variant that In order to make the reports that go in propotional with time , the data ware house that has been changed should be tracked and recorded. 2) Non-volatile Data warehouse is never deleted, so that data is read only and static and will be used for future reporting 3) Integrated Data is consistence and is representing all operational system. Data management and data retrieval are the proess that can define data warehousing. An organizations can integrate their various databases into data warehouses using process different capabilities and culturesThe idea of maintaining central data is brought by data warehouse. Although the concept itself has been around for years, like data mining data warehousing, is a relatively new term. Data Warehouse Design There are two different ways of Data Warehouse design; Ralph Kimball and Bill Inmons model. In Inmons architecture, before data being transferred to the data marts, data from OLTP database is firstly stored in a warehouse. In Inmons model view,tThe data warehouse is a real database. Kimballs architecture using OLTP database shows that data is transferrefed directly to the data mart. Based on the picture above, a collection of integrated data marts will form the data warehouse. What is Data Mining? Data or knowledge discovery or generally called Data mining. It is the process of getting data from different resources and turn them into information that can be useful for organization One example of tools to analyze is analyzing data using data mining software. Data from many different sources and with different uses and characters will be analyze by users. So, technically, data mining the process of finding correlations of fields in large relational databases. In general, data mining is the process of making data usefull after analyze it from different kind of information environment and turn into vary kind of useful information. . Data from many different dimensions or angles can be analyzed by users and then be summarized into the relationships . On the other hand, the process of finding or different in data mining is not an easy process and do need different process and analyze. There are five major elements in data mining : Data can be presented in graph or table and other formats. Data transaction is loaded onto the data warehouse system. Data is stored and managed in a multidimensional database system. Application software can be used to analyze and intrepenting data Information professinals especially who are involve in business world can access the provided data. Continuous Innovation The technology is not new nowdays eventhough data mining is a quite new. Take this case for example, One Midwest grecory is using Oracle software to look and search about the buying patterns of local. It has been discovered that whenever men bought cigarettes on Saturdays and Thursdays, they also want to buy beer. Then it also showed that Saturday is the day when these shoppers typically did their weekly grocery. However, they only bought a few items on Saturdays. It is concluded by the retailer that the reason they purchased the beer is to have it for the weekends ahead.. Furthermore, they have to make sure that the price are full for cigarettes and beer on Thursdays. What can data mining do? Here are the focus among a costumers retail, financial, communication, and marketing organizations which are data mining that been used by a company especially for the basic data. Product, the condition of product and the day of business can be some internal factors for this. Other than that the perfomance on sales, customer rights satisfaction, also profits for organizations can also determined by companies. Finally, transactional data can be viewed with details from the summary information. The development of products and promotion is also important to appeal to specific customer segments by getting demographic data from comments or even warranty cards provided by company. In order to transform supplier relationships. Applications of Data Mining The basic of data mining has been involved in many fields such as business, scientific research, banking sector and many more . All of these fields have been using data mining. Now its use is easier compare to what it was.. These tools can be used practically to carry out complex data mining techniques and get ease with it.. In order to do improve marketing field of and organization and try to understand its clients buying patterns, Data Mining is used by businesses. Data mining is used more widely than ever before because of expanding variety of tools and softwares in new era like it is today.. Intelligence agencies like FBI and CIA also use data mining for identifying terrorisms threats or even after the incident of 9/11 in America. It is really important to uncover terrorist plots. However the people concerned as data collected for such works will invade many peoples privacy.. Banking sector also using data mining for credit card problem detection and anything relation to credit c ard crime as what is happening now days. . It is also can reduce the risk of any credit card problem among their customers, especially to identify potetntial costumers and to state wether loan can be able to approve to any customers. Steps of Data Mining From the picture, we can see the step of data mining Data Integration: All the different sources contribute data which are collected and integrated. Data Selection: We have to select data and make sure that it is usefull for data mining. Data Cleaning: The data collected may not all correct and need to be checked again before being used to avoid data errors and uncertain problem. Data Transformation: Eventhough the data has been cleaned, to have data ready for mining, we still have to do something and transform data into the right form so that mining process will not be any problem. Many techniques can be used to complete data transformation suck as like smoothing, aggregation, normalization techniques. Data Mining: Techniques like clustering and association analysis are used among the many different techniques used for data mining only when we are ready to apply data mining techniques on the data to discover the interesting patterns. Pattern Evaluation and Knowledge Presentation: Transformation, visualization, removing redundant patterns are steps from the patterns we have generated. Decisions / Use of Discovered Knowledge. In order to make use of the knowledge which acquired to take better decisions, this step helps. Difference between Data Warehousing and Data Mining Data warehousing can be define as the inntegration and combination of data from different sources and various of format into a single form or a single schema. Huge amount of data can be provided by data warehousing with a storage mechanism. Meanwhile, The Enterprise has been provided with a memory by Data Warehousing and intelligenge is provided by data mining . So, the discovery of useful patterns can be done using the of data mining techniques on the data warehouse. Data Mining Tools In order to build companys own custom mining solution, they have to purchase mining programs. This program is designed for existing software and hardware platforms and the program can be integrated into new products and systems. For example in order to give the mined data more value, the organization has to determine data mining output into another output such as ware house as a neural network which is said quite common . This is because, , the data mining tool will gather the data if the other program makes decisions based on the data that has been collected. In the market place they are a lot of data minings that come in different model and tools or tecniques. Each with their own strengths and weaknesses. A right kind of data mining is really important to any organization because if the organization buys a wrong data mining and its nothing to do with their business goal, data mining will be useless. This is a really important consider especially for organizations which are going to expand. These three categories are the classification of most data mining tools: Dashboards. Is used to monitor information in a database and is installed in computer, dashboards reflect updates onscreen and data changes always wether in charts or in tables so that the user can see how the business is performing and working. Traditional Data Mining Tools. Data mining programs will be used in organization and the effect of it will be securely seen.. In order to monitor the data and highlight trends and others capture information residing outside a database. You can even see some of thiese tools on the desktop. Text-mining Tools. The ability to work as PDF and ability to analyze data and can be used in various kind of data processing from hard text to simple words. These tools can be used to scan content. There are a lot of unstructured scanned content for example information is scattered almost randomly across the document, audio or video data or internet based data or structured for example the datas form and purpose is known, we can say database content.. A wealth of information can be provided for organizations by capturing these inputs that can be mined to discover all kinds of concepts and trends or any other data processing in another environment. The Benefits of Data mining/ Data warehouse To Organization. By using Data warehouses business executives can look at the company as a whole unit. There must be reasons on spending so much money by many corporations to implement data instead of looking at an organization in terms of the departments that it comprises. . Data warehouses also use their ability to handle a lot of tasks in an organization involving many different departments. In order to make sure that every transaction will be made in certain time frame, the good transaction system will be set up by every organization The biggest problem with report and queries is the transaction can not be made in time frame and then will be late to be compiled. On top of that and in order to overcome the problem, many companies are working to come out with a good data warehouse and hopefully can be able to settle down any problems regarding transactions. Another benefit from data warehouse is the uses of data model for any queries regarding transactions and the outcome is really convincing.. Models for queries are really important especially to come out with good reports. Eventhough transaction processing system doesnt really need this but the implementing of a good model can help the company. Anyway, wrong modeling methods can slow down the process of transactions. Eventhough transaction process has to be at speed by the server units, but at the same time, they will slow down the process of query. Queries of data can be made using data ware house and this is one of the reason why it is very efficient. Anyway, a big number of transaction system can lead to big transaction system. So, the company always has to get ready to come out with different data warehouse or even worse, different models of processing. The combination of every departments in a company is really important in order to overcome any problems regarding processing and transaction of data. The Benefits of Data Mining Data mining allows companies to exploit information and use this to obtain competitiveadvantage. Data mining helps identify trends such as: why customers buy certain products ideas for very direct marketing ideas for shelf placement training of employees vs. employee retention employee benefits vs. employee retention Conclusion In order to discover trends and patterns in temporary data, we use time-series analysis as a powerful technique . Not only their management is expensive but these data also are also low-level of abstraction. Two main problems are always been faced by most analyst. First, to clean of the huge amount of potentially-analysable data and second to correct the definition of the data-mining algorithms to be employed. Data warehouses has been proved to be a powerful repository of historical data since their appearance especially for data-mining . In addition, their modelling paradigm for example multidimensional modelling, is not any different to the problem domain. Anyway, a coherent conceptual modelling framework for data-mining assures is believed as a better and easier knowledge-discovery process on top rank of data warehouses.

A Fishbone Diagram

A fishbone diagram, also known as a â€Å"cause and effect† diagram is a problem solving technique used in project management. It has also been referred to as an Ishikawa diagram after a Japanese professor; Kaoru Ishikawa. Problems arising in projects usually have many causes and in some cases, these problems may be interrelated and complex. A fishbone diagram is thus a useful tool that diagrammatically enumerates these problems aiding in their solution.Due to its diagrammatic nature, it is possible to view at a single glance the elements surrounding the project and thus identify all the problem areas and hence work on their solution in and easier manner. This is a major advantage of this technique. Additionally, it facilitates an in-depth analysis of problems by splitting them into causes and sub-causes. This again ensures a more efficient and effective approach to problem solution.It is also extremely easy to use and this poses as an important advantage over other management tools. To make a fishbone diagram, one draws a horizontal line pointing to the problem whose solution is desired. Secondly the causes of this are identified and indicated by backward sloping lines along the first line, called ‘bones’. Sub-causes of the problem are usually then identified and put as sub-branches. Lastly, a fishbone diagram has been said to facilitate brainstorming.To come up with the ‘bones’ discussed above, the project management committee needs to think and rethink the causes leading up to the effect. An example of the use of a fishbone diagram can be a project to increase sales by a particular firm. The â€Å"causes† here thus ‘bones’ would then be constituted by such items such as pricing, advertisement, market, branding, product features, etc. All in all, it is agreed that this is an effective tool which every project manager should equipped with.

Basic Information About Adult Education

With so  many adults  returning to the classroom, the term adult education has taken on new meanings. Adult education, in the broadest sense, is any form of learning adults engage in beyond traditional schooling that ends in their 20s. In the narrowest sense, adult education is about literacy—adults learning to read the most basic materials. Thus, adult education encompasses everything from basic literacy to personal fulfillment as a lifelong learner and the attainment of advanced degrees. Andragogy and Pedagogy Andragogy is defined as the art and science of helping adults learn. Its distinguished from pedagogy,  the school-based education  traditionally used for children. Education for adults has a different focus, based on the fact that adults are: More self-directed and require less guidanceMature and bring more experience to the task of learningReady to learn and primed to learn what they need to knowMore oriented to learning that is problem-centered rather than subject-centeredMore internally motivated to learn Functional Literacy One of the primary goals of adult education is functional literacy. Organizations like the U.S. Department of Education and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) work tirelessly to measure, understand, and address adult illiteracy in the U.S. and around the world. Only through adult education can we address the real problems of society—like power sharing, wealth creation, gender and health issues. said Adama Ouane, director of the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. The programs of the Division of Adult Education and Literacy (part of the U.S. Department of Education) focus on addressing basic skills such as reading, writing, math, English language competency, and problem-solving. The goal is for American adults get the basic skills they need to be productive workers, family members, and citizens. Adult Basic Education In the U.S., each state is responsible for addressing the basic education of their citizens. Official state websites direct people to classes, programs, and organizations designed to teach adults how to read prose, documents like maps and catalogs, and how to make simple computations. Getting a GED Adults who complete basic adult education have the opportunity to earn the equivalent of a high school diploma by taking the General Educational Development, or GED, test. The test, available to citizens who have not graduated from high school, gives them the chance to demonstrate the level of achievement normally achieved by completing a course of study in high school. GED prep resources abound online and in classrooms around the country, designed to help students prepare for the five-part exam. The GED comprehensive exams cover writing, science, social studies, math, arts and interpreting literature. Adult Education and Continuing Education Adult education is synonymous with continuing education. The world of lifelong learning is wide open and covers a variety of circumstances including: Going to college for the first time after age 25Returning to college to finish a degreeWorking toward a graduate degreeLearning a technical skillEarning CEUs for professional certificationTaking classes at your local community center for the sheer fun of it

Comer Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, Examples

The Spanish verb comer  means to eat. It is a  regular  -er  verb, so it follows the conjugation pattern of other regular  -er  verbs like  beber  or  barrer.  This article includes  comer  conjugations in the present, past, conditional, and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, the imperative mood, and other verb forms. Comer Present Indicative Yo como I eat Yo como solo comida saludable. T comes You eat T comes cereal todas las maanas. Usted/l/ella come You/he/she eats Ella come con sus amigas en la cafetera. Nosotros comemos We eat Nosotros comemos carne durante la cena. Vosotros comis You eat Vosotros comis poco para bajar de peso. Ustedes/ellos/ellas comen You/they eat Ellos comen despus de hacer ejercicio. Comer Preterite  Indicative Yo com I ate Yo com solo comida saludable. T comiste You ate T comiste cereal todas las maanas. Usted/l/ella comi You/he/she ate Ella comi con sus amigas en la cafetera. Nosotros comimos We ate Nosotros comimos carne durante la cena. Vosotros comisteis You ate Vosotros comisteis poco para bajar de peso. Ustedes/ellos/ellas comieron You/they ate Ellos comieron despus de hacer ejercicio. Comer Imperfect  Indicative The imperfect indicative tense can be translated to English as used to eat or was eating. Yo coma I used to eat Yo coma solo comida saludable. T comas You used to eat T comas cereal todas las maanas. Usted/l/ella coma You/he/she used to eat Ella coma con sus amigas en la cafetera. Nosotros comamos We used to eat Nosotros comamos carne durante la cena. Vosotros comais You used to eat Vosotros comais poco para bajar de peso. Ustedes/ellos/ellas coman You/they used to eat Ellos coman despus de hacer ejercicio. Comer  Future  Indicative To conjugate the future indicative, begin with the infinitive of the verb (comer) and add the future ending (à ©, à ¡s, à ¡, emos, à ©is, à ¡n). Yo comer I will eat Yo comer solo comida saludable. T comers You will eat T comers cereal todas las maanas. Usted/l/ella comer You/he/she will eat Ella comer con sus amigas en la cafetera. Nosotros comeremos We will eat Nosotros comeremos carne durante la cena. Vosotros comeris You will eat Vosotros comeris poco para bajar de peso. Ustedes/ellos/ellas comern You/they will eat Ellos comern despus de hacer ejercicio. Comer Periphrastic Future  Indicative Yo voy a comer I am going to eat Yo voy a comer solo comida saludable. T vas a comer You are going to eat T vas a comer cereal todas las maanas. Usted/l/ella va a comer You/he/she is going to eat Ella va a comer con sus amigas en la cafetera. Nosotros vamos a comer We are going to eat Nosotros vamos a comer carne durante la cena. Vosotros vais a comer You are going to eat Vosotros vais a comer poco para bajar de peso. Ustedes/ellos/ellas van a comer You/they are going to eat Ellos van a comer despus de hacer ejercicio. Comer Conditional  Indicative The conditional indicative tense is conjugated similarly to the future  tense. Start with the infinitive of the verb (comer) and add the conditional ending (à ­a, à ­as, à ­a, à ­amos, à ­ais, à ­an). Yo comera I would eat Yo comera solo comida saludable si estuviera a dieta. T comeras You would eat T comeras cereal todas las maanas si tuvieras tiempo. Usted/l/ella comera You/he/she would eat Ella comera con sus amigas en la cafetera si llevara almuerzo. Nosotros comeramos We would eat Nosotros comeramos carne durante la cena, pero solo cocinamos verduras. Vosotros comerais You would eat Vosotros comerais poco para bajar de peso, pero es muy difcil. Ustedes/ellos/ellas comeran You/they would eat Ellos comeran despus de hacer ejercicio si alguien les hiciera la comida. Comer Present Progressive/Gerund Form The present participle (gerundio  in Spanish) can be used to form progressive verb forms like the present progressive, or it can be used as an adverb. The present participle for  -er  verbs is formed with the ending  -iendo. Present Progressive of  Comer   està ¡ comiendo  She is eating   Ella està ¡ comiendo con sus amigas en la cafeterà ­a. Comer Past Participle To form compound verb forms, you need the past participle. Some examples of compound verb forms are the  present perfect and the pluperfect. The past participle  can also be used as an adjective or to form the passive voice. The past participle for -er  verbs is  formed with the ending  -ido. Present Perfect of  Comer   ha comido  She has eaten Ella ha comido  con sus amigas en la cafeterà ­a. Comer Present Subjunctive Que yo coma That I eat La doctora quiere que yo coma solo comida saludable. Que t comas That you eat Tu mam espera que t comas cereal todas las maanas. Que usted/l/ella coma That you/he/she eat La maestra sugiere que ella coma con sus amigas en la cafetera. Que nosotros comamos That we eat El cocinero recomienda que nosotros comamos carne durante la cena. Que vosotros comis That you eat El entrenador quiere que vosotros comis poco para bajar de peso. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas coman That you/they eat La nutricionista recomienda que ellos coman despus de hacer ejercicio. Comer Imperfect  Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive can be conjugated in two different ways. Both options are considered correct. Option 1 Que yo comiera That I ate La doctora quera que yo comiera solo comida saludable. Que t comieras That you ate Tu mam esperaba que t comieras cereal todas las maanas. Que usted/l/ella comiera That you/he/she ate La maestra sugera que ella comiera con sus amigas en la cafetera. Que nosotros comiramos That we ate El cocinero recomendaba que nosotros comiramos carne durante la cena. Que vosotros comierais That you ate El entrenador quera que vosotros comierais poco para bajar de peso. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas comieran That you/they ate La nutricionista recomendaba que ellos comieran despus de hacer ejercicio. Option 2 Que yo comiese That I ate La doctora quera que yo comiese solo comida saludable. Que t comieses That you ate Tu mam esperaba que t comieses cereal todas las maanas. Que usted/l/ella comiese That you/he/she ate La maestra sugera que ella comiese con sus amigas en la cafetera. Que nosotros comisemos That we ate El cocinero recomendaba que nosotros comisemos carne durante la cena. Que vosotros comieseis That you ate El entrenador quera que vosotros comieseis poco para bajar de peso. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas comiesen That you/they ate La nutricionista recomendaba que ellos comiesen despus de hacer ejercicio. Comer Imperative   In order to give direct orders or commands, you need the imperative mood. Below you can find the conjugations for the positive and negative commands, which are slightly different.   Positive Commands T come Eat! Come cereal todas las maanas! Usted coma Eat! Coma con sus amigas en la cafetera! Nosotros comamos Lets eat! Comamos carne durante la cena! Vosotros comed Eat! Comed poco para bajar de peso! Ustedes coman Eat! Coman despus de hacer ejercicio! Negative Commands T no comas Dont eat! No comas cereal todas las maanas! Usted no coma Dont eat! No coma con sus amigas en la cafetera! Nosotros no comamos Lets not eat! No comamos carne durante la cena! Vosotros no comis Dont eat! No comis poco para bajar de peso! Ustedes no coman Dont eat! No coman despus de hacer ejercicio!

Mental Illness Is A Social Problem - 1501 Words

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Environmental and social changes are among the most mentioned causes of the accelerating rate of mental illness in society (Hà ¤fner, 1985). Despite the prevalence, about one fifth of the adult population will battle with mental illness every year (Facts and figures about mental illness, 2014) and the acknowledgement of authorities mental illness is still given less attention then is needed to treat the problem successfully. Health bodies need to be putting more resources into this area asShow MoreRelatedMental Illness As A Social Problem982 Words   |  4 PagesMental Illness as a Social Problem Introduction Mental illness is a turmoil that is portrayed by unsettling influences in a man s idea, feelings, or conduct. Emotional instability alludes to a wide assortment of scatters, running from those that bring about gentle misery to those that impede a man s capacity to work in day by day life. Numerous have attempted to make sense of the purposes behind emotional instabilities. 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Examples would be schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, chronic anxiety disorder or attention deficit hyperactive disorder as well as many other specific forms of mental illness. Individuals suffering from chronic mental illnesses are part

Twa Task Free Essays

string(215) " provides IT facilities for the students use, the university has an assets of almost 3000 PC’s and three servers which are used in a daily basis which unfortunately are not used appropriately and efficiently\." All the University in the world are focusing on environmental protection and improvement [1]. We are living in an era of Industrialization. We are consuming a lot more products In our lives as compared to our ancestors; this is to improve the quality of life by saving time, facilitating ourselves and much more. We will write a custom essay sample on Twa Task or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of the world Industries are grown with certain pace and they have achieved maturity with the time. Then there are many environmental control authorities and regulatory authorities which enforce certain environmental protection laws upon them. But unfortunately as far as Environmental protection is concerned Information and Communication industry is growing at such a faster pace that such kind of controls re not fully implemented or observed by CIT industry[2]. This is a huge danger for the world environment. The main focus has mostly been upon competing with the competitors and introducing latest technology as fast in the market as possible. It is also consuming ever greater amounts of energy and is therefore the source of significant CA emissions. According to calculation IT now causes the release of as much carbon dioxide Into the atmosphere as nearly 320 million cars, worldwide IT help curb this alarming trend. Simply by consistently Implementing known energy- conserving approaches, the CA emitted by IT systems can be nearly halved Green IT† is what analysts, manufacturers and providers call all IT solutions that save energy at business organizations. These include hardware, software and services. Where hardware is concerned, energy-efficient desktop PC’s, thin-client architectures and data-center hardware offer answers, and so do energy supply and cooling systems[2]. In the software and service area, there is significant potential In fertilization, in solutions for dynamic capacity management and data-center planning, and in storage-system off shoring. You cannot purchase or order Green IT directly, but intelligent solutions re available that contribute to sustainability. And with the Increasing convergence of IT and telecommunications, It possible to take the Green concept a step further[3]. The positive approaches of Green IT need to be combined with solutions from the Green ‘CT. Green CIT extends to other, less commonly considered aspects of the entire life cycle. This includes experienced procurement, employee behavior, running data centers on sustainable generated energy, environmentally sound disposal of used electrical equipment, and as much recycling as possible. CIT is not intrinsically â€Å"green†, because it itself consumes energy and raw materials. But CIT can be leveraged to make business processes more energy-efficient[l]. The main focus has mostly been upon competing with the competitors and introducing latest technology as fast in the market as possible. So the preliminary part of the project share some challenges which CIT Environmental control is facing on creating a Green CIT environment in the University. The goals of this project is to introducing and promoting Green Information and Communication Technology in the university[2]. This step of the project would then easily be implemented in the industry and all over the world. Due to rapid increase in Communication and computing technology we tend to face a very big issue of regular advancements in technology and the older technology tends to grow obsolete. This creates a lot of waste material, as most of the University is not creating communication and computing technologies in a way that they can be recycled. Definitely there is a lot of competition in the market and it would increase the production cost of the industry which is focusing on recycling as well[2]. But we intend to Join hands with the environmental control organizations and regulatory authorities which are working to aka it a compulsion on industry to produce recycle able products. Then we will also focus that this industry must make low power consumption CIT products. Also in their manufacturing they must also work on reducing their power consumption by making their systems efficient. As it focusing on conserving energy and making environment better, it include the advantage of using CIT products in the environment for telecommuting[3]. Review :Current technology – Recently applied technologies which reduces CA A closer look at how CIT causes carbon dioxide emissions reveals two main culprits: University office desktop environments and data enters. Most of ‘CT-related CA emissions are caused by desktop computers and their monitors, and another by servers and cooling systems. We will therefore begin by discussing ways for Green CIT to reduce CA emissions in University office environments and in data centers[3]. Green CIT not only protects the environment by reducing the emissions emitted by CIT itself. When effectively and comprehensively applied, it can contribute much more. In University office environments, there is a long and established practice of replacing conventional means of communication with CIT applications. To a large extent, hardcopy letters (along with the corresponding paper consumption, transportation and logistics) have been replaced by e-mail and testing[l]. Further savings potential lies in the creation of electronic work processes. This includes digitizing, archiving and distributing documents by e-mail or uploading them to a website making them available for all downstream operations. This generates savings in terms of paper, energy consumption and CA. Today, innovative solutions are available for high-tech â€Å"pens† integrated digital process, saving process costs and preventing information loss[2]. Thin clients are much more energy-efficient than conventional desktop PC’s, reducing CA emissions and the cost of purchase and operation. Replacing a desktop PC with a thin client reduces the CA emissions of the desktop system. Thin clients are much lighter and more compact, and consist of fewer components – yielding benefits with regard to transportation, disposal, and consumption of materials. Green CIT can improve business processes that are not directly involved in ‘CT, and dramatically lower CA emissions throughout the process chain. It is here that its true potential becomes apparent that CIT now accounts for global CA emissions. But Green CIT can also help significantly reduce the CA emissions not caused by CIT[2]. Rationale and Systems Analysis According to the IT director of the University of Bradford, the campus provides IT facilities for the students use, the university has an assets of almost 3000 PC’s and three servers which are used in a daily basis which unfortunately are not used appropriately and efficiently. You read "Twa Task" in category "Papers" However, at peak times the students use around 1 500 PC’s, which basically is half of the PC’s of the university. So in order to avoid power loss, an assets management system will be designed and applied within the campus. On the other hand, university servers use up to 27. 1 % of the campus’s energy, so a new cooling system is already being installed in order to reduce the energy costs and the CA emissions. In addition to that, the estimation of the base load is around 20% of the energy which is considered highly utilized; a vast amount of the energy worn needs a major reduction as much as possible. Therefore, an investigation will be undertaken to identify different solutions which participate in the base load reduction . An initial plan will be designed to be employed within the campus. Since he students are considered a major contributor towards the energy usage. An awareness event will take place in the campus to help students understand the concept of the green technology. During this week simple energy efficiency programs will be undertaken. While the campaign is taking place the energy usage will be monitored and observed before and after the event. Currently the biggest problem rising is that the number of students enrolled in the university is around 15000 students and assuming 90% of the students have their own PC or laptop. So the idea of applying the cloud computing will save an enormous amount of money and at name time it will reduce the CA emissions. So the idea of cloud computing offers an efficient way of solving this problem. A model building will be chosen and modifications will be applied to this building, the energy usage of the building before the modifications will be compared to the usage after the modifications. The results will basically show whether its sufficient to apply them or not. Solution research 1) CIT devices can be made power efficient Each and every University office desktop offers opportunities to save energy. This involves both energy-efficient use of equipment ND the use of energy-efficient equipment. Even without deploying any new workers to change their habits. University policies can be developed and published making employees aware of how they can contribute through the use of hibernation mode and power-management software for hardware, duplex printing, and generally avoiding unnecessary printouts. The latest generation of energy-conserving desktop PC’s, thanks to their better power units, storage technology and processors can slash energy costs[2]. State-of-threat LCD screens and thin-client architectures offer further opportunities for savings. The consistent, enterprise-wide deployment of energy-efficient and cost-saving equipment is a major challenge. Outsourcing the entire office CIT landscape is one way to implement Green CIT – by minimizing the number of desktop computers and printers and maximizing their efficiency. University typically use a large number of, often different, devices for printing, faxing, copying and scanning. This complex landscape often leads to a lack of transparency, and there are often no accurate figures available on the total cost of operation[3]. However, the ratio of users to devices can be significantly improved by analyzing the rent infrastructure and actual user requirements: then changes can be made to the type, number and position of devices, ensuring better use is made of available capacity, and reducing stand-by and idle times. Thin clients are much more energy-efficient than conventional desktop PC’s. Thin clients are much lighter and more compact, and consist of fewer components – yielding benefits with regard to transportation, disposal, and consumption of materials. Just getting to and from the University office inflicts considerable burdens on the environment: millions of commuters spend hours every day on roads, spewing immense amounts of exhaust gases into the atmosphere[3]. 2) CIT manufacturing industries can save a lot of money CIT devices consume 80% of power of their whole life during their manufacturing in the industry. Only 20% of the power is consumed during their operational life and industry is more focused on saving some percentage of this 20% power. Indeed it is of key importance but we are more concerned about the 80% part as by deploying energy efficient machinery we can save a lot of cost, by conserving energy. Manufacturing of CIT devices consumes a lot of natural resources like fossil fuels, water and chemicals. And due to regular advancement in the CIT industry a device has a life cycle of one to two years hardly[2]. Then in becomes obsolete. This then leads to another problem, there is hardly any professional recycling process or method introduced by industry so that the precious chemicals, iron, copper and other materials used in manufacturing can be properly disposed or recycled to conserve energy and resources. Then instead of throwing away or recycling these products we can focus on manufacturing and introducing products which can support and handle future development[l]. They can be upgraded. Manufacturers can get back this extra cost on recycle able design by getting benefit from recycling. But they only face time limitations due to high competition level. However there are regulatory authorities which are now focusing on implementing environmental laws on CIT manufacturers[2]. PER, extended producer responsibility is a concept owe a lot of responsibility in protecting environment from the wastes of their industries, high energy consumption and much more. 3) Consumers can become a force, by purchasing recycle able and upgrade able product But we as consumers owe a good share of this responsibility. We must purchase those CIT products which are recycle able, which can be upgraded, which consume low power and which are made in an energy efficient environment. In the university we will introduce only those CIT devices which are up to the mark on above mentioned standards, so that there might not be any harm to the environment. Then we will do research on efficient energy consumption products. We will try to make devices which utilize very little energy [2]. Also we will focus on understanding the up gradation possibilities of less efficient industrial machinery in CIT industry. We must focus on the fundamental sign of the CIT products, because it is only at this stage that we can design devices which can be upgraded and recycled. We will try to limit as much as possible the use of toxic chemicals in the manufacturing of CIT products because if not recycled, these chemicals destroy our environment which is largely the case at this time. And we must understand that it is a global responsibility, this message from our research must prevail in the whole world[3]. We must try to educate people about the adverse effects of these bad practices of unjustly dumping CIT devices. IT devices and data enters in different organizations and our university as well consume a lot of energy and sometimes it is more than what is displayed on the devices due to older devices. Therefore power efficiency is now given key factor in calculating the efficiency of the data centers. Project Deliverables Increasingly, CIT solutions are used to support University processes. These solutions can streamline University processes and have enormous potential for reducing CA emissions, because they improve the utilization of resources and allow them to be shared. CIT also permits in-depth monitoring of energy consumption and CA emissions throughout the value chain, so University processes and organizational structures can be enhanced accordingly[2]. The potential savings are particularly great in University with extensive, complex supply chains. But CIT can also have a major impact on supporting processes, I. E. Via resource utilization in offices. In University with complex supply chains, efforts focus on reducing transportation. Intelligent transportation systems combine an array of applications to cut fuel consumption by up to 30%, in conjunction with much lower CA emissions – but with no loss in service quality. These systems are based on detailed, up-to-the- minute traffic information captured by an extensive network of IT devices and transmitted by telecommunications equipment. Route planners and navigation systems then calculate and continually update the best possible route for vehicles and payloads[3]. The aim is to minimize the distances traveled, and the corresponding time, fuel costs, and to a large extent, CA emissions. Other applications, such as precise satellite RIFF-assisted positioning solutions, enable more efficient utilization of entire vehicle fleets. These technologies can also be applied to water and air transportation; for example, streamlining airfreight operations could reduce fuel consumption by more than 10%. Racing systems, with nationalization through reduced charges, can encourage the use of low emission trucks[l]. Increasingly precise and realistic computer-aided simulation and design tools (CAD) are gradually eliminating or at least minimizing the necessity of physical prototypes. Here too, greater attention can be paid to software- aided energy-saving functions for users. At the level of the vehicles themselves, automatic start- stop functions briefly switch the engine off when the clutch is snagged. Many non-core, cross-industry processes can be positively influenced by ‘CT. Energy management is a particularly effective approach. Ideally, energy efficiency should be a key consideration from the outset, I. E. When planning and designing new offices and production facilities, giving rise to â€Å"smart buildings†. But innovative energy management systems can also be retrofitted at reasonable expense in existing buildings, adjusting the power consumption of lighting, heating and cooling systems in line with actual requirements. For private households, various providers re now developing smart metering and home management systems that comply with the EX. energy efficiency directive by identifying powering systems and opportunities for savings, and by influencing consumer behavior[2]. IT plays a key role in applications of this kind. In practically all businesses, paper consumption could be slashed by greater use of e-mail, e-billing and electronic archiving systems. Especially at large national and international organizations with central archives, automated workflow can dramatically accelerate processes by eliminating physical transportation and the associated traffic[l]. Currently, there are many data centers in the University. Green CIT could realize enormous savings in all of these data centers. Widespread use of state-of-the-art energy-efficient technologies and solutions, such as fertilization, could push the power consumption of data centers down to almost halving it in Just few years [2]. Another crucial factor is load. Servers in well-organized environments with UNIX machines operate at Just 35 to 45% of capacity; with Intel servers, the figure is even lower, at 15 to 30%. On average, only 25 to 40% of data storage capacity is used. Utilization rates an be considerably improved by consolidating servers, storage systems and entire data centers – saving a great deal of energy. Fragmented legacy data-center landscapes can be consolidated to Just a few data centers. Outsourcing often plays a major role. An IT service provider, for example, can operate a small number of large, efficient data centers that support multiple customer organizations [3]. It is also possible to make better use of data-center resources, for example, by fertilization and by deploying shared-services solutions. This involves creating logical systems that are independent of the underlying physical assets. Instead of being dedicated to specific purposes, resources are shared and therefore used more efficiently. The ability to intelligently assign and administer resources is a key function within any fertilization solution. It ensures maximum flexibility in resource allocation. When servers are only operating under part load they still consume nearly as much power as fully utilized ones. Fertilization makes it possible to shut down servers that are largely idle, maximizing savings. Another possibility is for enterprises to access networks. Servers can share resources, and state-of-the-art fertilization technology ND standardization can be leveraged to maximize utilization of existing hardware Project Timeline Comparison between the traditional building and the building after modification It is observed that by implementing new model energy-consumption savings at University is around 50% and by using different technology energy-consumption savings at University can be reduce to 25% in comparison to traditional model. Figure 1 : Comparison of Energy consumption between traditional model and new model Figure 2 : Comparison of Energy consumption between traditional model and different model Conclusion The issues of climate change and environmental protection have been debated for decades. Now they have become part and parcel of day-to-day business reality; Universities are accepting responsibility for the CA emissions they cause and are taking action. CIT has, in many ways, a vital role to play. It accounts for about two percent of global CA emissions, which must, and can, be curtailed. In addition, through the intelligent use of CIT solutions to support University processes in other Universities, it can help curb the other 98 % of emissions. The deployment of Green CIT makes a valuable contribution to protecting the environment. Many of the approaches presented in this paper are associated with lower costs, especially those that target energy consumption. They also improve a University image, and noticeably raise students and employee satisfaction. And as policymakers increasingly address climate change, new legislation and regulations on CIT can be expected in the near future. So Universities are well-advised to act now. Some approaches are already being practiced now. Every University has its own unique situation, and the first step should therefore be to analyze it. We have already ascribed possible approaches for University processes, data centers and office environments. Quick wins can be achieved by harvesting â€Å"low-hanging fruit†, for example by encouraging more energy-efficient use of office equipment or duplex printing. How to cite Twa Task, Papers

The Contemporary World of Community Organizations

Question: Discuss about theContemporary World of Community Organizations. Answers: Introduction Over and over again people have been found to belong to two or more communities, but this is changing in the modern world where communities have become more individualistic and as varied as its members (Salamon, et al, 2000). Some of the communities that we most often belong to includes business communities, educational communities, work communities, religious communities, sports and cultural communities. With that communities have been defined as the foundation that enable societies to make sense of the world they occupy, share experiences and participate in making the world a better place to live in. Therefore communities offers sense of belonging to, being part of and a purpose to live in this world (Hudson, 2009). The characteristics of community organization are as follows; having rules and regulation, being private, operate on nonprofit basis, involving some degree of voluntary commitment and the financing of these communities is more complicated than the profit and the governm ent organizations. These characteristics are elaborated further in the paper. The Contemporary World of Community Organizations Australia provides a good foundation of these study as community organizations have been given a good consideration in the region. This is because non-profit organizations in the region are among the many well-known organizations. Nonprofit organizations are many and diverse in Australia, but together they form a distinct and separate class of organizations. These organizations differs from the government organizations as they formulates their own rules and regulations (Hudson, 2009). To start with, the non-profit organizations are in themselves an organization. This means that all of them have regulations and guiding principles that govern their day to day activities. While majority of non-profit organization are not incorporated as they majorly rely on volunteering labour. Some of the non-profit organizations are integrated, meaning the cooperation is autonomous to its associate members (Jackson, Donovan, 1999). The large non-profit organization offering employment are a good exam ple of the integrated organizations. The non-profit organizations are categorized as private. This means that the non-profit are not directly controlled by the government. The government is only involved when such organization rely on the government to finance large part of the organizational operational revenue (Edwards, Yankey, 2006). The most important indication that shows that non-profit organization are not part of the government is that their action are not subject to the parliamentary scrutiny and are not subject to ministerial directions. Thirdly the non-profit organizations as the name suggests are non-profit making organizations. This should not be misunderstood with entirely not making any profit as it makes some surplus at the end of the financial year. If this were the case like any other private organization, the non-profit organization would cease to exist. The difference between the non-profit and the private organization is that, the non-profit organizations do not distribute the profit the company ac quires to its members at the end of financial year like the private organizations. Nonetheless, the main target of the organization is not to make an enormous returns (Hudson, 2009). The non-profit organization can be distinguished from the government and the private sectors as they involve some voluntary commitment of time by members of the non-profit organization. Some non-profit may employ people to provide labour, services and management but to some extent they still rely on voluntary labour (Craig, Mayo, 1995). Majority of non-profit organizations depend and rely entirely on the volunteering services to obtain labour for the organization. Another distinction of nonprofit organization from the private and government organization is that the non-profit are member owned organization. Schools and hospitals owned by religious groups like Catholic Church provides a good example of the exemptions whereby a non-profit is owned by a fellow non-profit organization. In this case the stakeholders to a school includes, the religious group which is Catholic Church, the pupils or students, the parents, the teachers and the non-teaching staff. Here the members expectation differs largely from the shareholders of the organization to an individual owner who expect to financially benefit from ownership of the school institution (Edwards, Yankey, 2006). Lastly the mechanism of financing a non-profit organization tend to bear some forms of complications as compared to a same size government or private organization. The funds running the organization are sourced from various sources including unrelated business ventures, donations from individuals and companies, returns on investments, government funding, and revenue from various fundraising events, and sponsorship (Lyons, 2001). As indicated above the non-profit organization differ from the private for profit in terms of obtaining their operational finances from a wider variety of sources while for profit obtain their day to day revenue from sale of goods and services. A group of non-profit still rely on third parties even though they provide services to the public. A few number of non-profits entirely depend on the government to provide them with fund to carry out their daily activities. Thus the difference is manifested in the source of income and the form in which this income is r eceived (Iriye, 2002). As highlighted above many non-profit organization globally lack of legal mandate which forms part of the challenges experienced by the nonprofit organizations. Despite the fact that lack of legal mandate may not be problematic for the small non-profit community organizations, this brings about a lot of challenges to the larger organizations that are involved in contracts, employ people as well as those that own property. As for the Australian government the non-profit have benefited as the government has provided an opening to allow integration. This is especially important because it prevents groups with intension of gaining profits and also indicates to all the importance of the non-profit. The Australian government has made an effort to encourage formation of the nonprofit organizations, whereby, in each territory groups of people come together to form an association (Lyons, 2001). Conclusion In conclusion, the non-profit organization for instance in Australia, offers a great deal of social, political and economic benefits to the country. This includes provision of education, health, community and other general public services to all community members. The aspect of the non-profit organization not being driven by the government nor desire for profits provide a good background that should be emulated and adopted by all nations in the globe. References Edwards, R Yankey, J 2006, Effectively managing nonprofit organizations, NASW Press, Washington. Hudson, M 2009, Managing without profit: leadership, management and governance in third sector organizations in Australia,UNSW Press, Sydney. Iriye, A., 2002. Global community: The role of international organizations in the making of the contemporary world. University of California Press. Jackson, A Donovan, F 1999, Managing to survive: managerial practice in not-for-profit organizations, Allen Unwin, Sydney. Lyons, M 2001, Third sector: the contribution of nonprofit and cooperative enterprises in Australia, Allen Unwin, Sydney, NSW. Craig, G. and Mayo, M., 1995. Community empowerment: A reader in participation and development. Zed Books. Salamon, L.M., Hems, L.C. and Chinnock, K., 2000. The nonprofit sector: for what and for whom?. Johns Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies. Taylor, M., 2007. Community participation in the real world: opportunities and pitfalls in new governance spaces. Urban studies, 44(2), pp.297-317.